Foundations of Human Development Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Human Development Essay Human development is based on biological development, psychological development, and social development, these three aspects of human development interact with each other, because it helps to create an individual’s identity and personality. Our development defines who we are, our interactions and how we view the environment around us. To understand bio-psycho-social dimensions of human development, having culture competency, and comprehending the general systems theory and how these theory systems works are crucial parts of being an effective human service professional Bio-Psycho-Social Dimensions of Human Development Various aspects of human development are combined together to make-up an individual’s growth and development. Human development contains three dimensions which are, biological development, psychological development, . Each theory differs in terms of the weight or importance it assigns to these biological, psychological, or social factors. Nonetheless, they each acknowledge there is an important inter-relationship between nature biology and temperament and nurture the social environment and life experience in the formation of personality experiences in the formation of personality. These aspects of human development or behavior can be developed by an individual’s culture, family, and community. During an individual’s life span, the foundation of human development begins to change, which is a direct result of an individual’s social environment. The diversity of the human population such as; a person’s cultural and ethnic background, can be understood by using the strength perspective. This method can help a human service professional to understand the client’s way of communicating, whether if they are using verbal and non-verbal gestures. As a human service professional develops and have an understanding of the client, they can become more skillful in the way that different cultures. The Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Human Behavior Simone Hoermann, Ph.D., Corinne E. Zupanick, Psy.D. Mark Dombeck, Ph.D. The Connection between General Systems Theory and Social Order Systems theory  covers a broad range of theoretical and methodological practices across many disciplines. Generally, systems theory is concerned with the structure of complex systems, with a special emphasis about how parts relate to each other and to the whole system. In the social sciences, this usually means understanding how individuals relate to each other and to their society as a whole, and the effect that social pressures have on individuals. Social Work Social workers can hold a variety of different roles. What binds them together is a core concern for improving social conditions for individuals and promoting social justice. Applied Systems Theory Social workers employ systems theory in order to understand the dynamic interrelations between individuals, families, institutions and societies. Generally, they want to identify how a system functions, what aspects of that system have a negative impact on people and understand how they can cause positive change in that system. Individuals and Families On the micro level of social work, workers use systems theory to understand the dynamics, relationships and roles within families, and how these things affect individuals therein. For instance, they want to know that parents and children are taking upon their proper responsibilities, that parents are providing for the safety of their children and that these roles are stable and beneficial to everyone involved. General systems theory at a simple level can be defined as: elements, which are in exchange, and which are bounded. These components constitute a system, which functions or operates within a field or an environment. Elements can be virtually anything you wish to label as such, the exchanges are any relationships that exist between elements, and the boundary is what you can see, hear, feel, or sense that separates from the background or environment. General Systems Theory: A Framework for Analysis and Social ChangeRobert J. Gregory, Ph.D. School of Psychology by Smart, Barry 04/1999, ISBN 0761955178 Explain the concept of human diversity and cultural competence? One of the most predominant theories is Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, which assumes that. People learn through observing others’ behavior,  attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors which is called observational learning, that is an indirect form of learning known as vicarious learning and indirect forms of reinforcement which is called vicarious reinforcement .Bandura renamed SLT as social cognitive theory to accommodate the ever increasing importance in his thinking of cognitive factors .SLT has also been enriched by Bandura with his views about the effects of a person’s belief in their own effectiveness in specific situations also known as self –efficacy. According to Bandura, social learning involves a few factors such as, attention where the individual must pay attention to the model and must be able to remember the behavior they have observed so basically retention per se. The observer must be able to replicate the action and must have the motivation to demonstrate what they have learnt .Although motivation to imitate behavior of a model is quite complex. As certain factors have to be taken into consideration, the observer or learner must like the model and identify with the model, as humans tend to imitate people who are like themselves. An observer is more likely to imitate a model that is consistent across situations than someone who behaves in different ways depending on the situation. Also it has been argued by Bandura that people can learn from observing others, not necessarily experiencing the consequences of these actions, themselves. Throughout this essay a detailed account with appropriate reasoning and causes of SLT will be given. What is the importance of equality, diversity and recognizing rights in early year’s services? 1. Legal having proper policies and procedures in place should prevent successful compensation payouts for proven discrimination. 2. Ethical its morally right to want to provide equal treatment to all stakeholders, especially children and parents/guardians. 3. Social children can learn to be better citizens in a culturally diverse society, if given the right orientation from the beginning. Why is equality and diversity important in a mental health profession? One could argue it isnt and that best person should always be chosen regardless as It is mainly a political ideal. However in this case there may in fact be an argument for it as follows. it may be important for those suffering mental issues to feel they are part of a wider community and having a wide selection of diversity etc. (2013, 02). Explain the Social Learning Theory. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 02, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Explain-The-Social-Learning-Theory-1420930.html

Physical Training In Badminton Physical Education Essay

Physical Training In Badminton Physical Education Essay Introduction In Badminton research, the plyometrics training is not extensively researched. This chapter will note the importance of understanding the related factors leading to the idea of conducting this study. The review of the related literature for this study is presented into five main sections: Physical Training in Sports Physical Training in Badminton Agility in Sports Agility Contribution in Badminton Plyometric Training in Improving Agility Physical Training in Sports Physical fitness is a very important factor affecting performance in sports. As in the preparatory phase of periodization plan for any training programme, the physical fitness is always the first to be developed before focusing into other training factors such as technical training, tactical training, and psychological training. Physical fitness contributes to sports performance. It serves as a foundation that leads to a higher possibility of succeeding in competitive arena of sports (Bompa, T. O. Haff, G. G., 2009). Many researchers have studied on various types of physical fitness training, such as balance training, agility training, sprinting training, resistance training, circuit training, interval training, and plyometric training. Many studies found that physical training serve the purpose of improving various physical attributes, such as flexibility, functional performance, muscular control, muscular power, distance running performance, running economy, strength performance, explosive power, vertical jump, initial acceleration, speed, agility, and many other attributes. Physical Training in Badminton Badminton is a highly competitive dynamic sport. At elite level, it is suggest that badminton is characterized by repetitive efforts of alactic nature and great intensity which are continuously performed throughout the match. Badminton players are required to be able to move in multiple directions while smashing and receiving a shuttlecock with fast speed. The speed of a shuttlecock can be up to 421kph (Guinness World Record, 2009). Badminton players are often required to perform speed, agility, flexibility, endurance, and strength capabilities at their limit. It is proposed by Badminton Association of England (2002) that the off-court type of fitness training for badminton can include strength training, aerobic training, speed and agility training, flexibility training, core stability training, and circuit training. As an explosive sport, badminton performance can be enhanced from resistance training. Effective resistance training programme requires a systematic process of analysis, implementation and evaluation to ensure maximum adaptation and improvement. The prescription of resistance training methods can enhance badminton specific performance in jump smashes, lunges, and fast change of direction. Agility in Sports Agility is often considered an essential element for many sports and activities. It is an ability that involves a rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus. In many competitive sports such as badminton, the players do not perform at their own pace and move, but are performing in response to the shuttlecock, the opponent, or the partners. As such, agility in badminton is not completely an independent factor. Little and William (2005) proposed that agility is a specific physical attribute that is fundamentally important to sports performance for three reasons. First, developing agility will provide a strong foundation for muscular control and motor skill function, thereby establishing overall performance in badminton. Second, good agility enable players to move fast in balanced and stabled manner, and this proper movement mechanics and this may reduce injury risk. Finally, as an athlete matures, a heightened ability to quickly change directions will enhance overall performance in both proactive offensive and reactive defensive circumstances. According to Young and Farrow (2006) and Vescovi (2008), agility is important as many sports such as badminton performed on a court require high-speed total body movements. Many of these movements are in response to the motion of the shuttlecock, opponents, or partner. As such, fast movement is very important. Deterministic model of agility performance The multifactorial nature of agility has been represented by a deterministic model in Figure 2.1 which indicating the various factors contributing to performance. Figure 2.1 is the model suggested by Young et al. (2002) which indicated that main factors determining agility. Agility can be affected by a few factors, such as visual scanning, anticipation, pattern recognition, knowledge, technique, straight sprinting speed, and leg muscles quality. Agility Perceptual and decision making factors Change of direction speed Straight sprinting speed Technique Pattern recognition Anticipation Visual scanning Knowledge Leg muscle qualities Foot placement Strength Adjustment of strides to accelerate decelerate Power Body lean posture Reactive strength Figure 2.1 Deterministic model of agility performance. Perceptual and decision making factors According to Young et al. (2002), perceptual and decision making is one of the main factor affecting agility. The factors affecting perceptual and decision making included visual scanning, anticipating, pattern recognition, and knowledge. Visual scanning is the ability to process visual information in the competitive environment. In a badminton match, as it is like other ball games, players are paying their visual focus on the trajectory of shuttlecock or ball, or movement of opponent. A common words of à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"eyes on ballà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ , this shows that the badminton players are applying the visual scanning on the shuttlecock and opponent to analyze what is the next step to move. Anticipation and prediction in badminton match influences the movements of a player. From the visual information from visual scanning, badminton player process the information and start to anticipate the move of opponent and the shuttlecock. As the opponent tense up the body with great back swing, it is anticipated that the next move might be a smash; as the opponent remain relax and small actions of racket, it can be anticipated that the next move might be a soft drop. Pattern recognition is the ability to recognize the patterns of play by the opponent. This happened when a player has specific playing habit or favourite shots. It happen as simple as an attacking badminton player has more smashes and a defensive player has more return in high shots. By understanding the pattern, badminton player can be more agile by narrowing the possibility of stimulus to be response. Knowledge from experiencing different game play situations can help predict probable movements of opponent. When a player is out of position and the body is not in favourable position to return a shot, it is likely that the return will go to the front court rather than the back court. As such, a badminton player can be faster and more agile to react to the circumstance. Change of directional speed Young and Farrow (2006) also noted that agility is affected by the change of direction speed. Change of direction speed is influenced by the techniques, straight sprinting speed, and leg muscle quality. Techniques to change direction and change velocity quickly are expected to be influenced by the position of the body while running. A forward lean is required to accelerate, a backward lean to decelerate and stop, and a sideward lean to produce a lateral change of direction. These body positions are necessary in order to produce forces to the ground to evoke reaction forces in the desired direction. If a badminton player is ready to react and move to any direction in court, the ready stance of the body should be slightly knee bend, body leaning forward, and body weight more on toe than on heel (Badminton England, 2002). This ready stance enables the player to make quick adjustments to the running posture to execute a quick change of direction. Such quick adjustments of posture and positioning of limbs is clearly a skill that requires training. Young et al. (2001) conducted a study where found that the straight sprinting speed was improved significantly after six weeks of straight sprint training, but had no gains in changes of direction test. The six weeks change of direction training had limited contribution to straight sprinting speed as well. These findings can be explained by training specificity, and suggest that athletes must train specifically with the movement patterns required in their sports. Badminton requires a lot of sudden sprint and stop, deep lunge, explosive jumping but limited straight sprint. To benefit optimally from the training, badminton player must train specifically on the sudden sprint and stop in various directions but not only the straight sprint. Leg muscles quality is exclusively responsible for change of directional movements. The available research provides little support that leg muscle strength, power, and reactive strength are major contributors to agility performance. However, a rationale was made to suggest that plyometric training program involving jumping exercises that contain single leg lateral takeoffs, such as bounding in a zigzag pattern could potentially be beneficial to change of directional speed development. A better quality of leg muscle in badminton can help to reduce time taken from ready position to move to receive a shot. Agility Contribution in Badminton Motion analysis of a typical badminton match reveals that there are many changes in direction and it requires the athlete to be very agile in all directions . Notational analysis of European players during international tournaments indicated that badminton can be characterized by repetitive, short-duration, high-intensity efforts with high-frequency movement. Badminton is the fastest sport among the racket games with the speed of the shuttlecocks capable of travelling up to 421kph. This means in the court area of approximately 34m2 for badminton singles, the shuttlecock will take not more than 0.15 second to pass through the entire badminton court which is 13.4m in length (Olympics ABC, 2007). As a sport with such a high speed, agility plays a very important role to contribute to the performance. In an elite badminton match, the competition can be played up to more than 60 minutes, and the total running distance can be covered up to 6km. But it does not mean the energy spent for both players are the same. When a player is more agile and faster than opponent, he can play the shot to move opponent around in the badminton court which will lead to greater radius of movement for the opponent. In another word, throughout the match, the player who have better agility are having advantage and spending less effort and energy compare to the less agile opponent. Olympic ABC (2007) also proposed that a player need approximately 0.32 to 0.36 second to move from a ready position towards the shuttle and approximately 0.486 seconds to react to the coming shot. This lead to an idea that a badminton player needs about 0.8 second to react to a shot and move to receive the shot. In this condition, agility is a critical factor affecting the performance. Time taken to react to the coming shot is affecting by the perceptual and decision making factor, while the time taken to move from a ready position towards the shuttle is affecting by the agility, which have the direct relationship with the change of direction speed. Good agility and fast action to move from ready position enable a badminton player to return the shot in a favourable position and have advantage over opponent. Plyometric Training in Improving Agility Plyometrics are training techniques used by athletes in all types of sports to increase strength and explosiveness (Chu, 1998). Plyometric training program involving jumping exercises that could potentially be beneficial to agility development. Plyometric drills usually involve stopping, starting, and changing directions of movement in an explosive manner. These movements are components that can contribute to developing agility . Previous studies found that plyometric training, when used in a periodized manner, can contribute to agility gains . Agility is an explosive movement which can be referred to running speed and changes of direction ability. Fast running speed and quick change of direction contribute to good agility. Explosiveness is affecting the running speed and change of direction ability. Thus, improvement in explosiveness leads to agility development. Plyometrics have been proven to be an effective method to improve on explosiveness. By enhancing balance and control of body positions during movement, agility theoretically should improve . Plyometric activities have been used in sports such as football, tennis, soccer or other sports event. These sports are intermediate sports which require rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus, which is similar to badminton. Conclusion Badminton is an intermediate sport which is the fastest among the racket games, it is a very high speed sport which the shuttlecocks capable of travelling up to 421kph (Guinness World Record, 2009), as such, agility is a critical physical attribute affecting the performance. In badminton, a player performed on a court requires high-speed total body movements. Many of these movements are in response to the motion of the shuttlecock, opponents, or partner. Agility permits badminton player to start quickly and efficiently, move in the correct direction, and to change direction or stop quickly to make a play in fast, smooth, efficient, and repeatable manner, in response to a stimulus. A competitive badminton match can be played up to more than 60 minutes, agility allow a player to play the shot to move opponent around in the badminton court which will lead to greater radius of movement for the opponent. In another word, agility lead to the advantage of lesser effort and energy spent than the less agile player. Young and Farrow (2006) noted that agility is affected by change of direction speed. Quality of leg muscles is exclusively responsible for change of directional speed. Better quality of leg muscle and good agility in badminton help to reduce time taken from ready position to move to receive a shot. This enables a badminton player to return the shot in a favourable position and have advantage over opponent. Agility refers to running speed and changes of direction in explosive manner. Fast running speed and quick change of direction is the key of good agility, which is affected by explosiveness. Thus, improvement in explosiveness should leads to agility development. Plyometrics has been proven to be effective and efficient in developing explosiveness. A rationale was made to suggest that plyometric training program involving jumping exercises could potentially be beneficial to agility gain Plyometric drills involve starting, stopping, and change of movement directions in an explosive manner. These movements contribute to agility development. Previous studies showed that plyometric training, when used in a periodized manner, can contribute to agility gains . Miller (2006) and Young and Farrow (2006) proposed that agility should improve by enhancing balance and control of body positions during movement. Plyometric activities have been used in sports which are similar to badminton, such as football, tennis, soccer or other sports event. These sports are intermediate sports which require rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus.

Romeo And Juliet- Fate Essay example -- essays research papers

The events of Romeo and Juliet are heavily influenced by fate, as oppose to the actions of the characters. To be precise, occurrences in the play are not always as a result of conscience choices that characters make. Rather, chance occurrences (or predestination, depending on one’s opinion) cause events to take place; these events seriously alter the course of the play. Fate affects us all every single day, but the sheer number of occurrences related to fate, as well as the powerful affect these events have on the plot creates a specific connection between the play of Romeo and Juliet and fate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare makes it very clear to us that Romeo and Juliet are subject to fate. Before the play even begins, Shakespeare outlines the play for us in the prologue. The prologue summarizes the plot, this seems odd, but this was because Shakespeare’s audience was already familiar with the story and the play was a portrayal of the well-known story. Importantly, Shakespeare establishes immediately within the prologue that Romeo and Juliet’s plot includes heavy elements of fate. â€Å"A pair of star-crossed take their life.† (Shakespeare, Act 1 Prologue L.6) Shakespeare refers to Romeo and Juliet as â€Å"star-crossed†, referring to the belief of predestination (fate) and its connection with the constellations. Additionally, the prologue indicates a second time that the plot is influenced by fate; â€Å"The fearful passage of their death-marked love.† (Act 1 Prologue L.9) The love of Romeo and Juliet is â€Å"death-marked†, mea ning that it is destined to result in death. This evidence suggests that the tragedy occurs as a result of predestination instead of chance, but nonetheless, this is fate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fate has such a large roll in Romeo and Juliet that it influences not only the overall story, but also nearly every character in the play. Romeo is affected greatly by fate, arguably more so than any other character. Instances of Romeo being affected by fate abound in the play, from initial coincidences all the way up to his final dramatically ironic death. Romeo’s involvement with Juliet in the first place is based on fate. â€Å"God gi’ go-den. I pray, sir, can you read?† (Act 1 Sc.2 L.58) The illiterate servant that Romeo stumbles upon gives Romeo the opportunity to attend the Capulet party, if this incredibly unusual event had not taken place... ...nd Juliet happened as a result of their sin, â€Å"passion†. This opinion is also a valid interpretation of Shakespeare’s instances of fate in Romeo and Juliet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Encyclopedia Britannica’s section on Shakespeare comments on this issue, backing up one of the opinions, â€Å"There has been some debate among modern historians as to Shakespeare’s religious affiliation, but it is widely accepted that he did not recognize as Calvinist and did not accept predestination. Divine reward and punishment explains Shakespeare’s infatuation with what seems like destiny in his plays. Romeo and Juliet’s tragic demise was due to their transgression, their ‘passion’.† (Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"Shakespeare†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However one accepts fate to be taking place in Romeo and Juliet, it is clear that certain events are taking place, and they aren’t as a result of direct conscience decisions by characters. These events of fate have immeasurable affect on the characters and story. Among the lessons of love and hate in this play, this message, that we are not always in control of what happens to us, is very important and relevant.

Career as an Electronic Publishing Specialist Essay -- electronic books

Since the early 2000’s, there has been a strong drive toward electronic publishing, with digital versions of books, periodicals, bibliographic databases and other information in digital formats, out selling and outperforming their analog counterparts, based on research performed by Milena Milanova of Sofia University. The expiring business model publishers use, which is based on manufacturing processes, sales channel, and business practices, is rapidly changing due to the introduction of the digital revolution. This revolution has created new media technologies that make it easier to access previously printed material,now assessed electronically. The driving force behind this revolution, is the increase in use by consumers of medium used to access this information, such as e-readers, tablets, computers, cell phones, and cloud computing. With the increase use of electronic publications, there is an increased need for electronic publication specialists to create these publicat ions, this is a new and evolving career comes with new job responsibilities, qualifications and earning potential. Electronic publishing specialists work with a diverse group of professionals including printing specialists, analysts, graphic designers, web developers, multimedia specialists, computing support specialists, and photographers. However the electronic publishing specialists are ultimately responsible for working with this group to manage the conversion of content, perform quality assurance checks, code new copy, and manipulate the code required to create digital publications. Additionally, they are responsible for scheduling and tracking digital publications, following and maintaining workflow and process documentation, and archiving projects.... ...related to electronic publishing, this is just the one of the first created, however as the need grows so will the positions and departments.  Works Cited Cental Intelligence Agency. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist† CIA.gov. CIA.gov 27 April. 2007. Web. 27 February 2014. MyMajors.com. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist† Mymajors.com. Mymajors.com 5 May. 2011. Web. 8 March 2014. Bureau of Labor Statistics. â€Å"Desktop Publishers† Bls.gov. Bls.gov/ooh. 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 7 March 2014. Milena Milanova. â€Å"E-Publishing and its History and its Latest Developments† Lis.uw.edu. Lis.uw.edu.pl. 28 Jul. 2012. Web. 16 February 2014. Tallahassee Community College. â€Å"Desktop Publishers† Tcc.fl.edu. Tcc.fl.edu. 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 7 March 2014. CACI International. â€Å"Electronic Publishing Specialist - Developmental Job† C. Caci.jobs. Caci.jobs 11 Mar. 2014. Web. 14 March 2014.

How do We Define a Citizen ? Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

Citizens Must Fulfill Obligations and Duties to the Community In our ever-changing world how do we define "a citizen?" Peter J. Gomes in his speech, "Civic Virtue and the Character of Followship" defines a citizen as "...one who belongs and one who has obligations" (206). He adds a citizen has "... the notion of belonging, having an identity of which one is proud and by which one is defined and having an obligation to share and serve in behalf of that greater good" (206). The Webster's New World Dictionary defines a citizen as "a member of a nation by birth or naturalization," but a citizen is more than that. A citizen not only has rights and privileges; he is a proud, contributing member of society. I define a citizen as one who understands and fulfils his obligations and duties to his community. Patriotism, love of country, is an ideal that every citizen should possess. I know that many disagree. They believe showing patriotism equals arrogance, conceit and sends a message that we are superior to everyone else. I disagree. After the attacks of September 11, our nation experienced a surge of patriotism. We were not merely individuals living among each other; we were Americans. We were proud to announce to the world that America is the greatest nation in the world. We were showing love and support for the ideas that America stands for: freedom, individual rights, and tolerance. Even when we are not in agreement with the policies of our government, we as citizens of the United States can be proud that in our country we have the right to openly disagree with those policies. To be deemed citizen requires more from us than just feeling pride for our nation; citizenship also carries with it duties and respo... ...out change will fall into place. John F. Kennedy said it best in his inaugural address: "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country." Works Cited Gomes. Peter. J. "Civic Virtue and the Character of Followship: A New Take on an Old Hope." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2000. 205-212. Kennedy. John. F. "1965 Presidential Inaugural Address." Washington, D.C. 11 Jan.1965. InforTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 22 Oct. 2002. <http://www.galegroup.com/>. Ushkow. Mike. "Turnout Ups, Downs." Campaigns & Elections. December/ January V22. (2002): 10. InfoTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 18 Oct. 2002. <http://www.galegroup.com/>.

Rap Music

Daniel Cha English T/TR 7am 27 Febuarany 2013 Essay 1 Rap's Opposing views When it comes to defining rap music, some define it as poetry in the form of music. Even though rap music is thought of as a form of art, it is highly debated as a controversial social issue. Author   Sid Kirchheimer from † Does rap put teens at risk† makes a claim that rap music is a detriment to our youth. He believes that negative behaviors is the outcome of people watching and listening to rap music. Author Curtis Aron from â€Å"Rap Music: Is It As Bad As Some People Think? Thinks otherwise and claims that rap music is looked at as a whole and is greatly misunderstood. Aron explains that the genre of rap music is blanketed by its popular view of being a negative influence and is being greatly misunderstood. Using the Toulmin model of argument, both arguments offer very good reasons why their arguments provide persuasive evidence about the different perspectives of rap music. Kirchheimer's w arrant is, that initially rap music automatically leaves a bad tastes in peoples mouth. Kirchheimer's view on rap is that because teens watch so much television they are exposed to what he calls â€Å"reel life of a gangsta. By watching these rap videos, they are more likely to practice the behaviors they see off their favorite rap artists or rap music video. He claims that because of long hours of exposure to rap music teenagers are starting to behave like what they see on television. His grounds offer truths because his claim of watching rap videos is backed with statistically data. He says, â€Å"Researchers found that compared to those who never or rarely watched these videos, the girls who viewed these gangsta videos for at least 14 hours per week were far more likely to practice numerous destructive behaviors.Over the course of the one-year study, they were three times more likely to hit a teacher, over 2. 5 times more likely to get arrested, twice as likely to have multiple sexual partners and 1. 5 times more likely to get a sexually transmitted disease, use  drugs, or drink alcohol. â€Å"Rap initially does leave a bad taste in people mouths, the quote provides statistical evidence that supports why people should and would despise it. Aron, with his own warrant states, that genre of rap music is blanketed by its popular view of being a negative influence.Aron says that â€Å"Rap music has long had a reputation of being a form of music that represents violence, sexual exploitation and excess. The genre has been criticized in the media, associated with some of the nation's social ill and seen by a good number of people as bad on citizens in general. † He first goes against his own viewpoints to prove that he understands the issue. He provides a counterargument to prove he is a reliable source about how rap can be seen as a social ill. Aron's use of the Toulmin argument continues as he offers his rebuttal and backing by saying, not all rap mus ic is bad music.Aron states, â€Å"There is some rap music that is created with the intention of sending a positive message to its audience. There are songs that denounce violence and call for more peace and togetherness in the inner city in an attempt to improve the quality of life. † Some truth that the author stresses is how there is positive rap and it can serve as a purpose of improving social consciousness. An example rap group he uses to provide evidence to his backing is a group named â€Å"The East Coast AllStars. † He supports this group because it adds qualification that not all rap music is bad music.But most importantly because the group understands that music is highly influential, so they really push and write songs that gives positive influence to these communities that are being run by violence, sex, and drug exploitations. Kirchheimer also reveals that he understands both sides of the subject by stating a counterargument of his own. He says that, â₠¬Å"Parents need to know what their children are being exposed to. Certainly, rap is not the only music that portrays negative stereotypes or can negatively impact behaviors, and not all rap music should be implicated.But there have been nearly 1,000 studies that have looked at the effects. † Kirchheimer shows a weak side by admitting that not all rap music should be implicated. He is rationale and does admit that all rap music is not the case. How he collects himself is by telling readers to be aware that the studies about the effects are true. He also uses emotional evidence by explaining that parents especially should be aware of what their children are watching and listening too. Aron's reaction to Kirchheimer response is that he recognizes that people are so influenced by rap music.People especially children see these rappers and replicate their behaviors. Curtis Aron spills one huge secret that most of the things rappers and artist say they do are bias. Aron writes, †Å"Many times, the rap artist is creating a fictionalized account of certain events for the purpose of intriguing and entertaining people and sometimes uses characters to facilitate those accounts†¦ This is no different from other forms of entertainment, in particular, the movie industry. When our favorite actor portrays a gun toting, drug using, highly sexual character in a movie, it is not seen as degenerate. He gives a broader and new perspective on how people should view these fictional characters. Rappers are much like fictional characters from movies. He explains that the things they do such as gun toting, drug using, and sexual innuendos are all for the purpose of intriguing and entertaining people. In the highly debated argument of rap music being a controversial issue, both Kirchheimer and Aron are identifying themselves as a scholarly source about the subject of rap music. Both understand and access reliable information to be used as a notable source.Through the Toulmi n model argument, both Sid Kirchheimer and Curtis Aron provide great strengths and explore the topic of rap to educate readers about their views. Kirchheimer states, that initially rap music automatically leaves a bad tastes in peoples mouth and provides good warrants and evidence to back his view. However, Aron proves that his argument is stronger as he educates that the readers that his warrant, the genre of rap music is blanketed by its popular view of being a negative influence. He gives evidence of both for and against the issue and expands over Kirchheimer's argument.

A General Definition of Financial Reporting

Fiscal coverage in authorities can be seen as a sum-up of the authoritiess public presentation, or capacity, in raising, managing, and utilizing public money. Another manner of showing the function of fiscal coverage is to state it goes manus in manus with answerability. Accountability is frequently considered one of the basiss of good democratic authoritiess. Officials are given authorization and duty and it is the undertaking of the functionaries to clearly convey actions taken and whether these actions fall within the prescriptions of jurisprudence and community wants. Measuring public presentation or accounting with regard to raising, managing, and utilizing public money is a complex issue. The standards are many, diverse, and sometimes conflicting. In some instances there is a accepted regulation or criterions doing organic structure that can cover selected facets of fiscal answerability. In general, nevertheless, there may be more than one regulation doing organic structure. For case, there can be governmental and private regulation doing organic structures. Residents of the affected legal power may hold their ain positions or inadvertence commissions. More by and large, in a democratic society there are frequently norms that provide counsel on answerability. These norms, excessively, may diverge. As an illustration, see the dissension that can originate over a revenue enhancement determination. Is it equal to cover current and future duties made by determination shapers ; does it associate payments to benefits received ; does it enforce greater loads on one group as opposed to others ; and is it hard to roll up? Fiscal studies can be generated on all these issues. This text focuses more on the collectivity of fiscal determinations made by authorities, province and local authorities in peculiar. How does money raised screen disbursement and duties? What is the current and future fiscal wellness of the legal power or subentities covered. How make these determinations comply with the outlooks of regulation or criterion doing organic structures? Governments issue many types of fiscal studies, but the most across-the-board and seeable at the province and local degree is the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report ( see this chapter, lesson 2 ) ( CAFR ) . The CAFR includes the fiscal statements. In this text the fiscal statements provide the chief focal point and therefore the term fiscal statement is sometimes used interchangeably with the phrase fiscal study. Fiscal statements are reasonably demanding in format and supply a quantitative expression at the operating success, fiscal wellness, and conformity of the authorities describing units. The fiscal statements are frequently referred to as the GPFS ( General Purpose Financial Statements ) and can on occasion be taken out of the CAFR and shown individually. The signifier of these statements and the definitions of what they seek to measure are germinating. One signifier or definition may do success, wellness, and conformity appear adequate while another, less so. For case, wit h some signifiers and definitions adoption can be used to hike opportunities for reported success ; in others, it can non. As a consequence, this text will look critically at the current signifier and definitions and examine options. Another of import issue is that historically, the focal point of governmental fiscal coverage is on how good the authorities did in transporting out lawfully authorised maps for the different subentities and financess of authorities. In general, fiscal studies for authorities do non cover the authorities as a whole, but instead the studies screen separate subentities and financess such as all the money raised and spent for diversion or all the money raised and spent for a parking garage or all the fiscal activity for a constituent of the authorities such as school territory. Subentities and financess are at a degree below the full authorities organic structure or legal power. Subsequently, more attending will be given to the separate subentities and financess that are the soon the cardinal unit for governmental accounting. The chief private regulation doing organic structure, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board ( GASB ) , is sing many alterations for describing, such as a stu dy for the authorities as a whole which will probably be called the entity broad position to possibly supplement the fund position. Theoretical contentions aside, at a given point in clip, fiscal studies are based in portion on accounting regulations and other types of regulations or criterions that frequently capture the daily pecuniary minutess and events of authorities. The minutess are are so summarized into fiscal studies. These studies typically make direct appraisals of fiscal public presentation and many affairs that impinge on fiscal public presentation. Technically, one of the major ends of fiscal studies is to measure fiscal success, conditions, and conformity of the financess and other accounting subentities. With such information, one possible benefit of fiscal studies is to assist people make better determinations about their community, their authorities, and their economic system. These determinations may associate to the election of functionaries, ballots on new undertakings, and even the determination to remain in or travel off from a community. Further, the coverage may supply information so that determinations that make the legal power better off. Considerable systematic and official work on governmental fiscal coverage has been done for province and local authoritiess. This text focuses on the work done for province and local authoritiess. This text besides concentrates chiefly on the CAFR ( this chapter, lesson 2 ) and the fiscal statements ( this chapter, lessor 4 ) in the CAFR. Elementss of Financial Reports — Government and Business In general, authorities has significantly different accounting regulations for developing fiscal studies than does concern. Government relies more on a hard currency footing or liquidness and one-year logic to measure one-year activities, whereas concern relies more on an accrual logic to incorporate appraisal of both one-year and long term events. Besides accounting regulations, authorities Torahs and ordinances play a big function in the these governmental fiscal studies. Therefore, the frequent refer to conformity. The lawfully authorised budget of the legal power is critical to fiscal coverage in authorities. That is, the fiscal studies assess the grade to which the authorities disposal, peculiarly fiscal direction, was in conformity with the budget. Because of the importance of the importance of the one-year budget in answerability, authoritiess soon make a clear differentiation between current or one-year points and long term points in their fiscal studies, with accent on current points. Similarly, authoritiess differentiate between liquid assets and fixed assets, with more attending to liquid assets. For the most portion, fiscal studies are intended to supply information for people outside the direction of the authorities. These people are frequently referred to as external users. Because these external users do non hold direct control over the content of fiscal studies, parts of the studies are audited, for illustration, the hearer seeks to certify that the fiscal statements are soon reasonably in agreement with by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) . Regardless of where or how accounting criterions are developed for fiscal coverage, the standard scene procedure is extremely controversial since a good trade can be at interest in describing fiscal success, conditions, and conformity. A study exudating hapless consequences, conditions, or conformity can upset users. Therefore, the standard scene procedure is sometimes shaped by values and political force per unit areas to obtain favourable fiscal screenings. Many of the alterations in accounting and coverage that have shaped concern accounting criterions have merely begun to come in or be discussed in authorities. The attempt to mensurate current and long term economic chances and convey that information in a blunt manner so external users can apportion resources to those concern they feel will gain has non made a important impact of province and local fiscal coverage. Some of the grounds have to make with the legal nature of province and local authorities. Some have to make with political reserve to publically expose hapless consequences. Some have to make with the questionable rightness of an accent on economic sciences instead than a balance toward economic sciences, societal equity, involvement group political relations, and conformity. Recent proposal by GASB suggest as greater involvement in economic success and chances. A List of Important Footings Associated with Financial Reports — A Expression at single points. accounting regulations Called by and large accepted accounting rules ( GAAP ) , accounting regulations are developed through a due-process system or became accepted with common usage. one-year budget The legislative assembly yearly ( some biannually ) authorizes what grosss to raise, what money to borrow, what promises to do, and what activities to pay for. one-year or current points v. long term Government fiscal studies emphasize and by and large have more stiff accounting regulations for fiscal minutess that involve money raised, spent, or due during the current twelvemonth. Long term points are set aside or de-emphasized until they come due. audited In general, audits effort to find whether the presentation of fiscal information conforms to a set of standards, with the standards in authorities including both accounting regulations and authorities Torahs and ordinances. authorized Given authoritiess ‘ heavy trust on legality, fiscal studies focal point well on whether money was raised, handled, and spent harmonizing to legal mandates. The word conformity becomes really important. better determinations Fiscal studies are intended to better determination devising. These determination can be economic such as a good return on investing or political such as how to vote on a campaigner or issue. capacity