Michael Ondaatje’s “Elizabeth” Essay

Michael Ondaatje’s â€Å"Elizabeth† portrays the life of the English Queen Elizabeth I. Ondaatje fuses prose and poetry, fact and fiction, realism and surrealism. The effect of this fusion creates a high degree of dramatic realism. It illustrates the progression and transition from childhood to adulthood. The Poem opens with a young Elizabeth harvesting apples with her father (King Henry VIII) and Uncle Jack (fictional character); preceded by a trip to the zoo. The atmosphere suddenly shifts from going to the zoo, to ice fishing with Philip (King of Spain) on a cold winter day. Abruptly, the atmosphere and time shifts again to describing Mary’s (Elizabeth’s stepsister) teeth. Then jumps to a dancing scene with Elizabeth’s confidant, Tom (Lord Thomas Seymour), which is followed by the execution of Tom. Finally, the poem ends with a rather short description of Elizabeth writing poems with another confidant, the Earl of Essex. The narrative lines and descriptive passages employed in â€Å"Elizabeth† do not flow logically and coherently from point A to point B. The names do not appear to be in historical and chronological order; however, they fit into a generalized image of the political mayhem, betrayal, and punishments of that time. Elizabeth’s stepsister â€Å"ËÅ"Bloody’ Mary Tudor, Mary’s husband Philip II of Spain, the unfortunate Lord Tom Seymour, and her late favorite, the Earl of Essex, were all executed. Ondaatje’s â€Å"Elizabeth† alters from child-voice through adolescent-voice to adult-voice, catching the tone of each stage of maturity. Ondaatje’s imitation of the tones shows how Elizabeth must, through debilitating maturity and complex situations, sacrifice passion to power, as how a young ruler would have to. For example in stanza three, Philip â€Å"broke the ice†(19) and â€Å"then he [Philip] kissed me [Elizabeth]†(22), suggests that love is deceitful, and is to be avoided. Furthermore in stanza five, â€Å"I kept the love in my palm till it blistered†(34) connotes that love is painful and not time-worthy. Death is present and apparent in last stanzas as both threat and momento mori (remembrance for the dead), even to the young mischievous girl who â€Å"hid the apple in my room/ till it shrunk like a face/  growing eyes and teeth ribs†(7-9). The symbolic references to â€Å"apple†(2) and â€Å"snake†(12) conjure up the relationship between Elizabeth’s life to that of Adam’s and Eve’s. The evil, deceptive snake in Adam and Eve convinces Eve to eat the apple, which in the end leads to her downfall. Elizabeth’s father, King Henry VIII of England, compliments and sides with snake in the zoo, by describing it as â€Å"Smart†(16). This siding of the snake might indicate to the readers of the residing evil within him. In stanza three, the image of ice fishing and eating raw, uncooked fish implies a primitive and uncivilized way of living. A primitive life is a dangerous one. The correlation between the snake, the father, and the primitiveness can lead to a sense of danger in Elizabeth’s life. Elizabeth senses the danger and evades it by becoming sly and controlling. This is indicated by the tonal transition in as she slides from thoughts of â€Å"Tom, soft laughing†(28) and â€Å"turning / with the rhythm of the sun on warped branches, / who’d hold my breast and watch it move like a snail / leaving his quick urgent love in my palm†(30-34), to his beheading, and finally to her later â€Å"cool†(44) flirtations â€Å"with white young Essex (45). Nevertheless, Elizabeth’s control of voice captures the readers’ attention. â€Å"Elizabeth† is one example of Ondaatje’s attempts to defy traditional poetry writing. And he achieves it in the incoherency of events, the un-rhythmic lines and the irregular stanzas.

Horses Anatomy Essay

The respiratory system of the horse is well adapted to athletic exercise, with unrestricted upper airway diameters, and a large lung capacity afforded by 18 ribs. These combine to enable air intakes of up to 1800 litres per minute in a galloping horse. Volumes of up to 300 litres of blood are pumped at high pressure through small lung capillaries surrounding 10 million air sacs to take up and deliver over 70 litres of oxygen per minute to the working muscles at the gallop. As a result, any restriction in upper airway diameter, obstruction of the airways, diseases or stress related conditions that reduce efficiency of oxygen uptake from the air sacs, can have a great influence on athletic capacity. The large lung surface and high blood flow rates also provide the additional function of heat loss during and after exercise, with up to 20% of the muscle heat generated during exercise being exchanged across the lung surface to supplement sweating and other skin surface heat loss mechanisms. The respiratory system is continually challenged by a large amount of foreign material, including viruses, bacteria and fungi inhaled in air from track and arena surfaces during exercise, or from dusty bedding, feed and stable environments. The horses circulatory system is a very large and complex system made up of veins and arteries. The blood is the pumped under enormous pressure from the heart along the arteries which have thick muscular walls to deal with the pressure. It oxygenates the body and the internal organs The circulatory system is based upon the heart – a hollow, muscular organ in the chest cavity. It pumps the blood around the body and is divided into four separate compartments . Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs to be oxygenated and then is returned to the left ventricle. Blood from the left ventricle is pumped all through the body in arteries. Arteries repeatedly branch and diminish in size until they become microscopic capillaries. Capillaries permit necessary interchange between blood and tissue. They eventually join up to produce veins, which convey blood to the right atrium and from there to the right ventricle. A horse of average size has approximately 50 pints (28 litres) which circulate through his system every 40 seconds. Excretory system Depending on size, age, and productive status (work, sport, pleasure, breeding, pregnancy, lactation, retirement), a horse will digest about 60% of most feedstuffs. Feed that is 60% digestible indicates that if a horse is fed 25 pounds of dry feed, 15 will be digested and 10 pounds will be excreted as manure (feces). This will vary by feed. Feeds that are higher in fiber such as hays and grasses have a lower digestibility. Conversely, concentrate feeds that contain grains such as corn, oats, and/or barley, usually have a higher efficiency of digestion and less fecal excretion. Nitrogen (N) is a major component of protein. Horses need protein for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and work. Phosphorus (P) is a macromineral needed for maintenance, growth, and other physiologic functions. Water is also essential for bodily functions. Water is lost from the body primarily in the excretion of feces and urine, sweat, evaporation from the lungs and skin, and in the case of lactation, from milk. It also affects the consistency of manure. All nutrients that are digested (absorbed) are metabolized in the horse’s body. Some of these, especially nitrogen in proteins, are excreted in the urine. After being digested and metabolized in the body, waste nitrogen is converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. Additional  undigested nitrogen is excreted in the feces. Overfeeding protein will increase the excretion of nitrogen. Overfeeding phosphorus will increase the excretion of phosphorous, most of which is excreted in the feces. Horses should be fed a diet that is digestible and formulated to meet nutritional requirements, while avoiding excesses. Overfeeding can result in higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the manure. Horse farmers should feed horses according to their nutritional needs. Specific recommendations for nitrogen (protein) and phosphores.

Ethical and Legal Issue in Nursing Essay

Describe the legal responsibilities of nurses in the work setting. Within the nursing license, the nurse is legally bound to practice within the scope of nursing that each state defines by a Nurse Practice Act (NPA). The scope includes upholding the patient bill of rights and total patient care. According to the NLN (Springhouse, 2004), â€Å"Patients have the right to information about their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment — including alternatives to care and risks involved — in terms they and their families can readily understand, so that they can give their informed consent.† For the family of Marianne, it is the nurse’s professional responsibility, within the nursing scope of practice, to provide education to Marianne’s family. Springhouse (2004) states, â€Å"For best results, patient teaching should include the family and others involved in the patient’s care. If family members understand the reason for a patient’s treatment , they’ll be more willing to provide emotional support.† This education will ensure that Marianne’s husband will make an informed decision regarding his wife’s care and help Marianne’s children to understand their father’s decision. If the husband does decide to attempt surgery for the blood clot as recommended by the physician, then the nurse must ensure that Marianne’s husband understands the procedures along with the risks involved. The nurse is responsible for objectively documenting any plans of care and any actions taken relating to the plan of care. A nurse’s legal responsibility to the patient includes reporting incidents. In the case study where the nurse is called as a witness to a malpractice suit, the nurse failed fulfilled their fundamental duty of patient protection. Initially, upon witnessing negligent care from another nurse, an incident report was immediately filed within the healthcare institution. The nurse also took notes of the negligence the other nurse performed. According to Blais (2011), â€Å"When called into court as a witness, the nurse has a duty to assist justice as far as possible.† This duty will include answering questions regarding the incident. It is important for the nurse to remember that answering questions truthfully and objectively will ensure the appropriate justice will occur. Springhouse (2004). Nurse’s Legal Handbook (5th Edition). Philadelphia, PA,

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example On the other hand, an ineffective and unsuccessful team may be witnessed from a group of people who are greatly focused on gratifying self-interests and are often engaged in unnecessary arguments with one another. Members of such team assert themselves to no avail and exercise ‘crab mentality’ where individual functions and the task of decision-making seem unclear. For instance, in the event that members keep complaining about not meeting personal expectations yet lack the responsibility to follow the leader and contribute to the productivity of the team, there only emerges poor performance with no sense of fulfillment. Sources: AchieveMarketing. â€Å"Effective and Successful Teams: Is It Teamwork or Performance that Matters?† HubPages. Retrieved from http://achievemarketing.hubpages.com/hub/Effective-and-Successful-Teams-Is-it-Teamwork-or-Performance-that-Matters on July 9, 2012. Hager, Timothy D. â€Å"Effective and Ineffective Team Characteristics.† Enr ichment Journal. Retrieved from http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/200304/082_stf04_teamchar_sb.cfm on July 9, 2012. (2) Scenario: Given that I am managing a team of eight members whose major task involves architectural design of a commercial site, I have 4 individuals (group A) assigned to come up with one particular scheme while the other 4 (group B) ought to create an alternative so that our client can decide based on the project design that suits their requirements well. In the process, people consult me for further insights besides their resources and group A consists of members who have tenured as much as my length of stay in the organization, being colleagues who are within my circle of intimate relations. Group B, on the other hand, is composed of members who have just been regularized in the company and compared to group A, they are younger, competitive, more dynamic, and most of all, are highly eager to obtain promotion and pay increase. With the first 2 quarters, the client has consistently expressed satisfaction with the progress report of group B and yet on the third quarter, the client wavers decision between the two designs, rationalizing that they also perceive huge potentials from the work of group A, considering future systems. Both divisions worked hard and persevered creatively in my regular assessment, it is just that while group B delivers optimum results, they rarely share ideas to group A though the latter encourages open communication within the team. Then I am about to evaluate performances per group where only one group is entitled to appraisal and one group to receive award after the site project is through. To resolve my ethical dilemma as a manager, I suppose it would be fair for group B to have the award and for group A to be appraised, thinking that people who are focused on obtaining personal achievements should be rewarded right away whereas those who are greatly concerned about teamwork and are more disposed to keep healthy soci al relations and behavior within the entire organization must be found deserving of appraisal. Source: â€Å"Ethics Dilemmas – Hypothetical Scenarios.† Retrieved from http://www.ccat-ctac.org/downloads/2004_Felter_Juteau_e.pdf on July 9, 2012. (3) Diverse organization, as I see it, pertains to an organization consisting of members of various

Psychology- The split brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology- The split brain - Essay Example After this surgery the majority of the patients are able to lead normal lives, just as if they have never had the surgery. This shows that what the article is right in stating that people do not need the whole of their brains to function, they can do it even when a certain part is removed. The article is wrong in stating that people can function well with half a brain. This is wrong because it is obvious that needs the whole brain to be wholly functional in all aspects of life. The article clearly oversimplified the importance of the right side of the brain. It has been proven that the right side is just as important as the left side. To be an all rounded individual means that the person can perform any task without a problem. However, the article says that one half of the brain is enough to carry out many activities in one’s life. The article does not focus much on the right side of the brain even though it is just as important as the left half. It concentrates on the functions of the left side and even goes as far as to state what would happen if someone lost his or her use of the left side of the brain. The article is also wrong in stating that removing some parts of the brain will not affect a person’s life. Every part of the brain has its own unique function and if it is severed or removed, then that function is not possible anymore. Memory is one of the things that are most affected when a part of the brain is tampered with (Shaw and Palm, 46). The brain is a very important part of the human anatomy. Although the topic suggests that one can perform well enough using only one half of the brain, I tend to think that both halves are equally important. It is not right to say that just because the left side seems to have more to offer than the right side, people should ignore cognitive development that involves the right half of the brain. If

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Political science - Essay Example The media is also a watchdog and meaning it has the possibility to show all the negative attributes of one candidate whilst neglecting those of the other. Hence, the television media is directly linked to the community as it is the main source of news. Hence, the image presented by the media has the power to change the opinion of voters by the information it shows. The relationship between media and society can be improved by the media taking a neutral position in the elections and avoiding biased viewing which may cause the community to lose trust in its information 2. The modern executives in the United States are nominated by the president. After this there is need for rejection or confirmation of these executives the United States Senate. In Great Britain the selection of the executive is done by the Prime Minister from the House of Lords and the House of Commons, In France the Prime Minister recommends the candidates and the President makes the final decision from these candidates. The constraints of the cabinet in United States are based on Article II and the President may attain advice from these members. In Great Britain the cabinet is responsible for the majority of the decisions made in the Westminster system. In France, the executives have control over the National Assembly. These members have no authority to propose any legislation and this can only be done with the approval of the parliament. 3. The main functions of the legislatures include the law making, executive functioning of legislation, and control over the finances, juridical duties, public administration control, electoral functions and appointment of commissions. The main functions include law making and their repealing and control over the executive. The least performed functions include organization of social utilities and services, public administration and appointment of commissions. 4. World politics has continued to change over the decades and the modern features of

Sustainable Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Operation Management - Essay Example The sudden shift in the approach of companies towards sustainability occurred due to the sheer pressure from the customers, investors, local people in the area of operation and to some extent the employees (Dernbach, 2002). This report will shed light on the importance of sustainability in an organization. In addition, factors such as benefits of sustainability will also be covered. However, the principal purpose of this study is to address the issues that companies are facing in developing and implementing sustainability policies. Apart from addressing the aforementioned issues, the report will also emphasize the effectiveness of the approaches of different companies towards sustainability. The persisting inconsistencies of those companies in terms of their sustainability will be also highlighted. Finally, based on the outcomes the study will draw a conclusion and will provide recommendations on how to improve sustainability. Before getting further deep into the study, a brief synop sis of what sustainability actually means will be presented below. Discussion Sustainability has always been a significant and relevant issue for a large number of organizations. Sustainability management practices and strategies are of growing importance to every department of the organization. Sustainable development can be defined as a process of development in which the companies meet the present needs of the customers without compromising on the future needs (Bigg, 2004). Over the last few years, there has been an increasing pressure on the companies to reduce operations which harm the environment. Therefore, it is important for the companies to follow sustainable development. The principal driving factors of this drastic shift are competitive pressures, perceived marketing advantages, legal obligations, demands of investors and internal ethical values of the firm. The organizations which have considered sustainable development got benefitted to a large extent. For example, the se companies have been able to reduce their operating costs, increase market share and market penetration, increase investment levels, enhance brand reputation, developed new products and markets and improve customer satisfaction process (Misra, 2008). In order to get these advantages, it is important to take sustainable initiatives. According to a study carried out by Deloitte, several factors act as the enabler of sustainability. The major ones are allotted budget, dedicate employees, technology and also the company’s capability to focus on financial and strategic considerations. The table below will depict these factors more clearly. Figure 1 (Source: Deloitte, 2010) It is important that companies should meet the present needs without diminishing the capabilities of meeting future demands. Sustainable development is therefore regarded as a challenge for the organizations. In order to implement sustainable development, companies have to deal with a large number of issues. F or example, the increase in energy and food prices during the year 2008, led to severe food crisis. Despite in the reduction of energy prices, the food prices continued to remain high. The global economic downturn of 2009 has further exacerbated the condition. The negative impacts were reduced growth rates and increasing unemployment (Department of Economic and Social Affair, n.d.). Figure 2 (Source: Carter and Rogers 2008) The significance of sustainability in every department of an organization cannot be denied. However, the importance is more for a

Job Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Job - Personal Statement Example My academic experience and professional qualifications harnessed my skills and prepared me for the responsibilities that go with the position. I am deeply dedicated to the accomplishment of required endeavors and am committed to being instrumental in creating progress and development to the organization I am connected with. I am enthusiastic to offer my professional services as part of the accounting team of your prestigious institution. Since I am still attending Baltimore City Community College, majoring in accounting, I have been committed to continue a career with your firm. I have taken two business classes and received As. I also have taken three Accounting classes and received no less than Bs. In these classes I became skillful and adept in using Microsoft office. I am well aware that TSA is consistently in pursuit of people who are ambitious, competitive, with a strong focus to succeed and a force to work for the betterment of mankind. I would like to continue to be part of your workforce being guided by values of integrity, honest dealing, treating everyone with respect and dignity, striving for mutual advantage, transparency and contributing to human

Economic Trend in Countries Like Ireland, Malaysia, Essay

Economic Trend in Countries Like Ireland, Malaysia, - Essay Example an Institute of Economic Research, such corrective measures have led to an increase in most of the consumer product prices, thus raising the cost of living. Such a situation is giving inflation an upper hand, especially with issues revolving around the cost-push and demand-pull factors being on the rise. In a report made by the Department of Statistics of Malaysia, there was a noticed expansion in the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the 2013 fourth quarter. There is a sense of growth in Malaysia because it is demonstrating to be an economic pace-setter in the Asian region. The table below shows the GDP growth rate of Malaysia since 2010, expressed as a percentage. From the table, it is very clear that the last quarter in the year 2013 recorded an improvement of 2.4% from the previous quarter that was at 1.9%. However, TradingEconomics.com records that the total growth rate in 2013 fell to 5.6 from 6.4 in 2012. There is a clear indicator that Ireland’s GDP recorded a 2.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 2013, which is due to the massive imports and a reduction in the general consumer expenditure. This is in relation to IAB Treasury Economic Research as shown in the chart below. The Economic and Social Research Institute confirms that there are many investment opportunities in Ireland. This is because there are positive trend in the machinery and equipment purchases. The statistical calculations indicate that the trend has grown by a margin of 11 percent. In addition, there is a huge growth base in the construction industry, which indicates good improvement. Regarding Ireland’s expenditure, there is a massive growth in imports (stlouisfed.org). Statistically, there is a 1.0% improvement in government spending as compared to the 2013 third quarter, which was at 4.9%. The imports show a slight improvement that is 0.8% as compared to the previous quarter, which was at 0.5%. Ireland’s expenditure had 9.8 percent in the total exports because of a

A Rose for Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

A Rose for Emily - Essay Example The story brings opposite side of an individual different from the real life situation. This is seen in the character of Emily in the story. Emily is not able to grip death idea and instead suffers denial. When Emily’s father passed away, people in the town expected that she will be in a state of grief, but this was the contrary. Emily claimed that her father was not dead as people in town thought. Emily did not accept the fate of death and she held her father as if he was still alive. Emily did not accept death and as a result she killed Homer Barron to prevent him from leaving. Emily refused people to enter in her house because she kept the body of Homer Barron inside (Faulkner 2). Emily had a bad motive towards Homer Barron that resulted in murder. From the beginning of the story, Emily was not affected by the death, but this could not have made her act badly against Barron. Emily actions were as a result of supernatural forces. When Emily's father died, Emily did not care but held her father as if he was still alive. Emily remained stubborn and prevented changes brought about by the death or other means from taking place in town. She was also afraid of change and refused to allow the city people to include a number for mail in her house (Faulkner 22). After Emily’s funeral people were curious to know what she had been hiding from the house. The town people rushed and broke the house in which Emily lived in order to find out what she was hiding. People were surprised to find Homer Barron corpse decomposed on the bed together with a thread of Emily’s grey hair. Emily's characters and belief in death made her live an ordinary life.

Different approaches to decision-making Assignment

Different approaches to decision-making - Assignment Example Tentatively, it is extremely difficult to use these sales to justify the existence of a common problem. In the same case, Home Depot and Lowe’s, in as far as the Big Box DIY store is concerned experience a relatively higher annual sales than Menard’s. On another case, when all the three categories of DIY stores are compared, there is a big difference in terms of sales, showing how the sales may be misleading especially where a major decision making is concerned. Possibly, a major individual store audit may be necessary in order to balance the decisions that are just yet to be made, with the possible causes of frustrations and poor performance in a number of the DIY stores. 3. The Company executives assumed a normative framework of decision making. One of the major operating principles of normative framework is to identify, which decision or judgment is most appropriate to make. It provides and evaluation standards, which the company executives used to determine that it is more appropriate actually, to sell the DIY stores that to merger the IT systems of all the stores. It requires an adequate observation with effective definitions of the stakes involved. The Company executives must have identified the situation irredeemable as high stakes were involved that could not be salvaged by any alternative apart from selling the stores. 4. There are several stakeholders who are responsible for decision making in a company. In all areas, top management is involved, but who count on the valuations and assessment of an area’s experts and technical professional. In this case, the Company’s IT expert and project developers (engineers) are the most integral component of decision making in the IT area. Their assessments, evaluations and conclusion form the backbone or the basis of decision making. They are the people who come out with why it would be better or disastrous to take certain decisions in as far as the Company’s IT system is concer ned. The Company’s executives and top managers must also be involved, and in fact they are the most essential players in the decision making framework. They will rely on the deductions of IT and project development engineers to make effective decisions with regard to changes and implementation. 5. Analytic cognitive style may be best suited for such kind of a situation. It requires that all different parts of a system that interact together to bring out a general impact must be examined and analyzed with regards to their i1ndividual contribution to the major problem at hand. There several parts of the DIY stores that are run by the same Company in France and the decision to sell all the stores stem from the fact that almost all of the stores are negatively affected in one way or the other. This puts into consideration the need to react and make decisions influenced from the individual analysis of all the stores in France. It is the responsibility of the executives to ensure t hat the decisions make take care of all the business establishments owned by the same company in a particular region. 6. An effective creative approach to analysis must put into consideration new and efficiently applicable concepts and ideas. The analysis process must disintegrate the available data and findings into finer details with a view of identifying the problems and coming up with impressive solutions that innovatively improve the current situations. It entails an effective

Modus Operandi Essay Example for Free

Modus Operandi Essay

Moores Theory of Democracy Analysis

Moores Theory of Democracy Analysis Book Review: Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Beacon Press; Reprint edition, 1993 Moores work is an enlightening discussion of the class structures and social origins of democracy and dictatorship, examining the social change process that transformed states and societies from agrarian societies to industrial ones. The book demonstrates the social origins of democracy and dictatorship mediated through class structures (landlords, peasants, and urban bourgeois) and economic arrangements. Moores investigation of the quest for modernization and freedom reveals the history and sociology of political resistance and violent social revolutions against domination, mediated through political and economic interests that provided the impetus to occasions of revolution and also produced counter revolutionary forces that impacted societies political paths. He makes a pointed argument, comparatively explaining how relationships between classes change with increasing commercialization of agriculture and this lays the groundwork for the process of change in the social structures.[ 1] Moore elaborates on the political and economic power of class structures and the process of social change, and he analyzes their relationship and how this impacts political outcomes.[2] The convergence or divergence of interests (political and economic) among these class structures and their influence on political development provides an adequate explanation of the sociology of modernization and the history of revolutions and social change.[3] Moore uses the theoretical lens of Marxist class analysis to explain these dynamics and their role among class structures that in turn have impacted the political path of societies-and how that influenced or shaped the nature of the state and society. Moores work is an important scholarly contribution to the theoretical discussion of the process of modernization and the role of class structures and economic arrangements in comparative case studies. He introduces three categories to explain the process of modernization and the outcomes. The first, bourgeois revolution, features England, France, and the US, all countries that abolished traditional landed elite domination and became capitalist democracies.[4] The second category focuses on the revolutions in Germany and Japan that resulted in fascism-what Moore calls revolution from above, a process which produced the defeat of popular revolution by the traditional landed elite and preserved their dominant position during industrialization. The third category, peasant revolution, features Russia and China, where revolutionary peasantry abolished the traditional elite. Moore makes the radical and intriguing argument that violent social revolution was necessary, that liberal democracy succeeded and constitutional democracy was established in these countries because of the violent social revolutions against traditional agrarian elites.ÂÂ   [5] Moores social class perspective enhances our understanding of the history and sociology of the process of modernization. I found his work to be eye-opening, as it provides an insightful explanation of the social roots of modernization and what has followed. His work may be a major contribution in understanding the social process and social roots of democracy and dictatorship, focusing attention on social change factors and the class relationship rather than the more conventional institutional and state-centered explanation. However, his work overlooks or undermines the role and significance of the relative strength or weakness of the states in the comparative case studies as factors that influenced the states political paths. This comparative study of the importance of class analysis and social change and how they impact outcomes and influence political and economic change helps to explain authoritarianism and democratization in the contemporary world. This book may draw researchers attention away from positivist and institutional analysis, helping to understand and explain the nature of political regimes (democratic and dictatorial). Moores analysis of class and social change provides tools to understand the genealogy of the nature of the state and the processes of social change that have impacted the political outcomes of contemporary regimes. His work is clearly relevant to authoritarianism and dictatorship in Africa, with regard to dictatorship. His theoretical insight may be useful in understanding the social origins, social bases, class structures and social change processes in that continent, to explain the socio-economic and political context of dictatorship and the process of democratization. Thi s, however, does not mean that his case studies or historical analysis should be superimposed, but rather that his insight and analytical methods may be an important input. The utility of Moores approach in studying contemporary African states and political regimes will likely be found in the tools it provides for understanding the emergence of class and inter-class coalitions and capturing the story of resistance/coalition among the various class structures. Methodologically, this book demonstrates the importance of including insights from case studies within the comparative framework in order to raise questions that can help us understand relationships, interests, processes and outcomes. Methodologically, Moores comparative approach is important because specific insights from specific cases can be used to appreciate variations and distinct processes specific to other contexts using analysis of change in class structures. Because of this methodological approach, the historical conditions that have created the conditions for the emergence of western parliamentarian democracy, dictatorships, fascism and communist regimes, have been adequately illustrated. Moores work is a comparative study of modernization through the transition from the pre-modern to the modern industrial era. His main contention is that class and social change explain why some governments developed into dictatorial forms while other developed into democracies. His book central theme revolves around how the political path of modern states (liberal democracy, fascist dictatorship and communist dictatorship) had its origins from the revolutionary past mediated through class structures and process of social change in illustrated through multiple case studies. The political outcome of the class structures, their relationship and contention, is the central theme, supporting his argument that the class struggle between the peasants and the landlord with commercial agricultural interests, and the role of the urban elite, has huge significance. Moores main engagement is with the role of class structure in shaping or influencing political forms of governance in modern industrialized societies. He explicates the relationship between class structure and history and the political outcome of this. Moore states repeatedly that commercialization of agriculture and urban classes are inevitable factorsthatinfluence and shape political outcomes and the transition to the industrialized modern world order. Moore illustrates that it was important to destroy the power of the landed agrarian elite in order to allow the rise of democratic political regimes. [1] Moore, B. (1993). Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world (Vol. 268). Beacon Press. p 418-419 [2] Ibid Page 422-424 [3] Ibid p 486 [4] Ibid 428-478 [5] Ibid xxiii , page 10-22,52-57, 115-150

Analysis of War Photography

Analysis of War Photography War photography has existed since the nineteenth century, when Roger Fenton set out to photograph the Crimean war in 1855. From the beginning of war photography questions have always been raised about their representation of the truth. Compared to modern day cameras the exposure time required to take a photograph ensured that action shots were not possible. The images could only be of dead on the battlefield or posed for. This was apparent throughout Alexander Gardeners photos of the American Civil. The photographer, who created the book Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War, was famed for staging various shots. The image which was captioned, The home of a rebel sharpshooter was proved to have been staged. Civil war experts reviewed the image revealing that Gardner had dragged the body into the shot and twisted his head towards the camera. The gun also within the image was placed strategically by Gardner. During World War two the staging of photographs continued. The cameras used during this war were a significant improvement and allowed for action shots to be taken but still questions were being asked about the authenticity of some of the photographs. Yevgeny Khaldeis famous photograph of a Soviet soldier placing the Soviet Unions flag atop of the Reichstag building in Berlin was in fact staged. The photo was taken three days after the Soviets had firstly placed a flag at the top. The image was taken at such an angle to prevent showing other Soviet soldiers who were looting and the soldiers were handpicked by Khaldei. Another of a photo which is circled by rumours of being staged is the most reproduced photo in the world. Jim Rosenthals photo of the flag rising at Iwo Jima was claimed to be, too perfect. The image taken was not the first picture of a flag being raised. Marine Photographer took the first picture of a flag being raised earlier in the day while the marine were under heavy fire. Rosenthals photo was taken later in the day and pictured a much larger flag. There has always been a partiality of representation in major wars simply because usually only one side is reported on by journalists representing news institutes from the same country as the army they report on. This begs the question of what is the purpose of war photography. Is it to inform the public or to provide morale for troops and the home public? The purpose of war photography has shifted throughout the years. During earlier wars photos were purely used to inform the public. Images were sent back to keep the public updated on what their troops were doing. In contrast, recent war photography, due to censorship and embedding, has become nothing more than propaganda. Staged and altered shots are created in order to show the military in a positive light, therefore limiting the offence they create to the viewing public. Other factors need to be taken into account, in order to determine whether war reporting is purely for morale of the country or to inform the public, such as the safety of the nation. For instance the World wars threatened national survival, so therefore reports and photographs released and published were intended to create a sense of morale and keep the war effort going. This was mainly as everyone would have been affected by the war., while wars being fought in foreign countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan lead to a sense of anonymity as it is out of direct view of the public. Reports and images published from these photojournalists need to carry a certain amount of truth to inform the public back in their home countries. The Vietnam War is known as the war that was lost on TV. The media was allowed to publish all kinds of images. During Vietnam the press was given remarkable freedom to report the war without any government control. Vietnam was the most heavily covered war in which reporters were not subject to extensive censorship. Pictures of decapitated bodies and civilians injuries were being broadcast back in America causing the public to think twice about the war that was taking place. President at the time Richard Nixon stressed this issue by saying, In each nights TV news and each mornings papers the war was reported battle by battle, but little or no sense of the underlying purpose of the fighting was conveyed. Eventually this contributed to the impression that we were fighting in military quicksand, rather than toward an important and worthwhile objective. The severity of the images was one of many factors that contributed to the American government losing the will to fight on in the war. Many journalists generally reported what they saw both positive and negative, according to James Reston, journalists didnt think it was their mission to serve the war effort. The freedom they were given was interpreted in several different ways, with the majority reporting the war in a completely subjective way. Reston goes onto say, for better or worse it was the journalists views that prevailed with the public, whose disenchantment forced an end to American involvement. This was especially prominent in independent photographers, as they would not have an editorial agenda to adhere to. Inevitably during military briefings they would lose the idea of the big picture. Although it can be argued that military briefings are often thinly disguised as propaganda anyway. The general stance on reporting the war started to change as the war progressed. The longer the conflict continued the more graphic the images and reports were. The offensive and disturbing reports from Vietnam as well as conscription and the fatality rate led to many people staging an anti war protest and voicing their concerns about the war. The largest of which was at Washington DC when a reported two hundred and fifty thousand people gathered in joint protest. Although it is claimed to be one of the contributing factors Professor Daniel Hallin of the University of California at San Diego conducted a study into the Vietnam coverage. He concluded that the war coverage was almost completely sanitised on television, due to the need not to cause any offence to any of the soldiers families. As a response to what happened in Vietnam, the censorship put upon the press by the British government during the Falklands war was at an extreme. Every inch of columns and pictures had to be check thoroughly by army officials before it was then passed onto the Ministry of Defence, who then proceeded to check it again before it could be published. The censorship in the Falklands was so extreme that it led to the word censored actually being censored. Due to the negative press that was created throughout Vietnam, the British government made a deliberate attempt to stop people knowing what was going on. The government were keen to project a positive picture back the British public and it did this by starving the press of any influential information. This was evident on the 14th of May 1982 when an Exocet missile hit HMS Sheffield. The military ensured that the news was delayed in reaching the reporters present. All reporters were also kept at arms length any live footage sent back to Britain was shot from a few hundred metres away. Very few clear picture of HMS Sheffield were shown back in Britain. Before the invasion of Iraq it was decided that journalists would be embedding among soldiers The concept of embedding reporters was an initiative proposed by the US defence secretary Donald Rumsfeld. The concept was introduced after initial pressure from the countrys news media. The press were disappointed with the level of access that they were granted in previous conflict zones. The concept of Embedding reporters was not a new on but it was never carried out on this kind of scale before. After deciding to embed reporters among soldiers Rumsfeld explained the reasoning behind his decision, We need to tell the factual story-good and bad-before others seed the media with disinformation and distortion, as they most certainly will continue to do. Our people in the field need to tell our story-only commanders can ensure the media get to the story alongside the troops. The main concept of embedding reporters is that they would identify with the troops around them. Each journalist would be assigned to a company of soldiers and would experience the war first hand in the frontline. Each reporter would be issued with military equipment; they would also eat and sleep alongside their respective soldiers. By assigning a journalist to a troop, it meant that the reporter could be placed anywhere. This meant that the position of the embed could be decided by the military. Around six hundred national and local journalists were embedded with troops as they entered Iraq. The system of embedding reporters tended to have a psychological effect upon reporters causing them to lose the ability to remain objective. The system also led to reporters having tunnel vision especially when reporting on tactical operation. Journalists would only see one or two units in action, and therefore only reporting upon what they were doing. Gordon Dillow an embedded reported said, I fell in love with my marines I wasnt reporting; the point was I was reporting the Marine grunt truth which had also become my truth. The following images and articles will be analysed using Roland Barthes theory of semiotics. Building upon Ferdinand de Saussures linguistic theories Barthes constructed his own theory of semiotics. According to his paper Myth today (1957) the theory consists of a signifier, the signified and the sign. The signifier is the term used to describe the image, which is being examined, and the signified is the term used to describe any ideas which are raised by the signifier, and the sign is the correlation of the signifier and the signified. Barthes also noted that anything signified by the signifier is culturally specific, Signifieds have a very close communication with culture, knowledge, history, and it is through them so to speak, that the environmental world invades the system. Barthes (1967) This would suggest that whatever is being signified may change over time and that different people would interpret signifieds differently. For example within an Indian culture cows are perceived as a sacred holy animal, while in western culture the cow is simply a provider of food. Due to the fact that each signified is culturally specific Barthes theory also takes into account the uses of denotation and connotation. Denotation is a literal description of the image or object being examined while connotation is the ideas associated with the image or object. When analysing press photographs it is important to also include the caption, as Barthes claims that the image and the caption are two different structures. Barthes uses the terms anchorage and relay when referring press photograph captions. Anchorage refers to when the text within the caption, directs the reader through the signifieds of the image causing him to avoid some and receive others. Barthes (1977). Relay describes the addition of something in the caption, which is not actually present in the image. Barthes also included in his theory of semiotics the element of myth. Myth is described as, a second-order semiological system. Barthes argues that signification is divided into two different sections connotations and denotation and myth is signification in the connotative level. Myth sees the signifiers in its raw form. Similar to signifieds myth is divided into two categories, the language object which is the linguistic system and myth itself which is described as metalanguage because it is a second language which talks about the first one. Barthes described the use of myth as, When he reflects on a metalanguage, the semiologist no longer needs to ask himself questions about the composition of the language object, he no longer has to take into account the details of the linguistic schema; he will only need to know its total term or global sign (Barthes 1967) When using Barthes theory two competing myths can be attained about war. One myth is based upon General William Tecumseh Shermans quote that reads, It is only those who have neither fired a shot nor heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded who cry aloud for bloodWar is hell. The competing myth to this is that war can be fought in a morally acceptable way. Making a war morally manageable is minimising the risk to casualties and soldiers and hence political and electoral risks to their masters. By using various photographs and articles from differing conflicts such as Vietnam, the Falklands, and Afghanistan, this essay will use Barthes theory of semiotics to test the theory that images from non embedded reporters will support the myth that war is hell and embedded photographers will show that war can be fought in a morally acceptable way.

Elvis Presleys Poor Acting Skills in Film Essay -- Celebrity Actor Ac

Elvis Presley's Poor Talents Paying Bills Elvis Presley, the King of Rock and Roll, is an American Pop Culture Icon who influenced his audience with his commanding voice and dazzling sex appeal. In the 1950's, Elvis devoted his career to singing and making music. In the sixties, however, he dedicated his time towards making movies and appearing in motion pictures. As many critics agree, Elvis had poor acting skills in his films, generally showing apathy and/or dull facial expressions. Yet, through entertainment media, Elvis was able to inspire a generation of youth to "take action" in American society from his "poor actions". Moreover, film in the age of mass media neutralized Elvis' "bad acting" by redirecting the audience's attention towards his dynamic singing and sexual physique, heavily appealing to the social trends of the 1960's decade. In the decade of the 60's, Elvis starred in over 34 motion pictures, averaging more than 3 films released per year. In these films, Elvis generally had the lead role, allowing the center of attention to fall on his shoulders. Unfortunately, Elvis had poor acting skills, usually displaying bland facial expressions or lethargy. According to the New Yorker magazine, Elvis' acting talents were thin: "Thicklipped, droopy-eyed and indefatigably sullen, Mr. Presley, whose talents are meager but whose earnings are gross" (Raaphorst). Thankfully, Elvis had extraordinary singing talents to make up for his poor acting skills. Knowing his strengths, Elvis and his producers began placing songs into his movies to gain a greater acceptance from his audience: "Statistically, he holds records for the most Top Forty hits (107), the most Top Ten hits (38), the most consecutive #1 hits (10) and the most w... ...ire a youth generation to take action in American society. By redirecting his movie audience's attention away from his common acting skills, Elvis was able to successfully increase his popularity from his dramatic singing roles, his sexual attractiveness and his rebellious attitude. Truly, mass media neutralized Elvis' "poor" acting skills and transformed them into a "rich" lifestyle, enabling Elvis Presley to still live large today in the entertainment capital of the world--Las Vegas, Nevada. Works Cited Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum. Cleveland, Ohio. 01 November 1999. http://www.rockhall.com/induct/preselvi.html. Yahoo!: Geocities. TCB Ring, Elvis in Hollywood. 31 October 1999. http://www.geocities.com/~arpt/hollywood/nsindex.html. Yahoo!: Geocities. TCB Ring, Elvis in Hollywood. 31 October 1999. http://www.geocities.com/~arpt/hollywood/nsindex.html.

Confucius Paper :: essays research papers

According to tradition, Confucius was born in the state of Lu (present-day Shandong Province) of the noble K'ung clan. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty, but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters. During the four years immediately after his marriage, poverty compelled him to become a sevant for the chief of the district in which he lived. His mother died in 527 BC, and after a period of mourning he began his career as a teacher, usually traveling about and instructing the small body of disciples that had gathered around him. His fame as a man of learning and character and his reverence for Chinese ideals and customs soon spread through the principality of Lu. Living as he did in the second half of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty (1027?-256 BC), when feudalism degenerated in China and conspiracy and evildoing were constant, Confucius deplored the contemporary disorder and lack of moral standards. He came to believe that the only remedy was to convert people once more to the principles of the sages of antiquity. He therefore lectured to his pupils on the ancient classics. He taught the great value of the power of example. Rulers, he said, can be great only if they themselves lead free lives, and were they willing to be guided by moral principles, their states would sure become prosperous and happy. Confucius had, however, no opportunity to put his theories to a public test until, at the age of 50, he was appointed magistrate of Chung-tu, and the next year minister of crime of the state of Lu. His administration was successful; reforms were introduced, justice was fairly dispensed, and crime was almost eliminated. So powerful that Lu became the ruler of a neighboring state maneuvered to secure the minister's dismissal. Confucius left his office in 496 BC, traveling about and teaching, vainly hoping that some other prince would allow him to undertake measures of reform. In 484 BC, after a fruitless search for an ideal ruler, he returned for the last time to Lu. He spent the remaining years of his life in retirement, writing commentaries on the classics. He died in Lu and was buried in a tomb at Ch'Ã ¼-fu, Shandong.

Exemplary Leadership

Abstract In order to be a successful leader, one must have specific virtues to qualify them as effective. This analysis examines how a leader utilizes organizational power, the magnitude to which the leader is constrained by contingency factors, how the leader deals with ethical issues, and the leader’s decision-making style and influence tactics in addition to other characteristics.The leader detailed in this analysis is proven to be effective based on certain qualities and the methods he employ to successfully reach the organization’s goal, and motivate the employees to efficiently meet their subdivision and complete organizational goals. Upon completion of this analysis, it is recommended that a study is done to assess if factors such as age, sex, heritage, etc. contribute to the type of leader one becomes. Introduction Leaders are an essential part of every organization. The quality of leaders determines the success of the organization.There are exemplary leaders, a nd there are leaders that can learn a thing or two. What is a leader? Colquitt, Lepine, and Wesson (2011) define leadership as the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement (p. 451). This analysis will chronicle an exemplary leader that many other leaders can learn from. The analysis will assess the leaders use of sources of organizational power, how the leader is constrained by contingency factors, how the leader makes decisions, his influence tactics, and how ethical issues are dealt with.Context My boss at the job that I currently hold is a prototypical leader and the example chosen for this analysis. While studying Management at Howard University, one subject that was constantly visited is what makes a proficient leader. I always wondered where all of my bosses learned their horrible leadership skills from until I crossed paths with my present boss. His kindheartedness, importable nature, and accommodating temperament raises the bar for leaders everywhere.The way he interacts with his staff makes them happy to work dexterously to meet organizations goals above what is expected. These are the behaviors that Colquitt et al states an effective leader achieves. Discussion and Analysis The Use of Organizational Power Power is the aptitude to guide the performance of other individuals and limit unwanted influence in return (Colquitt et al. , 2011). The authors stated that even if one posses the power to influence, it does not guarantee they can effectively influence.Power is made up of five facets – legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent. My supervisor has the power to request that I perform tasks within the scope of his authority – legitimate, the power to extend specific resources I need and rewards I want – reward, the power to control consequences for adverse behaviors – coercive, the expertise that I depend on to get my job done and to grow within the organization  œ expert, and finally he is an individual that I’d like to be associated with in the organization – referent.He has all five facets of power as described by Colquitt et al. My supervisor exercises his rights to power in order to help the organization reach its overall goals and not to be seen as a coercive leader. He exercises legitimate power for reasonable requests such as asking me to come in earlier than my scheduled time to attend an important meeting that could only be scheduled at that time. Notice that he makes reasonable requests, meaning that he gives the option to decline if I cannot make reasonable accommodations.He exercises reward power by periodically making mention of how he intends to go about upcoming performance appraisals. This is actually a strategic method as he utilizes his reward power to remind me of what he can do, which in turn heightens the effectiveness of legitimate power as I am more prone to be submissive to his requests in order to rece ive greater rewards. My supervisor has been in the marketing field – the basis of our department – for over fifteen years, which makes him somewhat of an expert, giving him expert power.My supervisor is not a fan of coercive power, as he does not feel the need to intimidate because he effectively gets his employees to do what they need to do. He encourages his employees to obtain the results he desires. Overall, my supervisor has a great deal of power. He strategically applies his powers in order to achieve what is most important – the organizational goal. As mentioned earlier, he uses his reward and legitimate power concurrently, which is beneficial for him and his staff.His expert power has strength in that I try to use it to my advantage to acquire new talents to help me grow in this organization and any future organizations. He is well respected because of his choice to not use coercive power. Contingency Factors There are four contingencies of power, which Colquitt et al tells us are substitutability, centrality, discretion, and visibility. My supervisor is insignificantly constrained by substitutability, which is the extent to which people have alternatives in accessing resources. My organization strongly attempts to adhere to budgets previously set for the year. o stick to budgets and discretion is the degree to which managers have the right to make decisions on their own (p. 455). Centrality represents how important a person’s job is and how many people depend on that person to complete their task, and visibility is how aware people are of a leader’s powers and position. . He does not have sole control of rewards and resources. As a non-profit, my organization relies heavily on budgets and each higher manager must adhere to their budgets that must be agreed upon by the chief financial officer and president.So even with his reward power, there are limitations. His centrality contingency is not a restraint. He has a ver y important role in the organization as we rely on him significantly to bring money into the organization. I personally depend on him for the completion of many of my assignments, as he must approve many of my tasks before it is executed fully. The discretion contingency may serve as a restraint for my supervisor; while he is Vice President of Marketing, the CFO or president must approve many of his big decisions.They can then revise or rebut his decision if they feel it is necessary. The visibility contingency is not necessarily a constraint or helper to my boss. The resources he can provide are not necessarily organizational record but his title makes it known that he is above most employees and under just the CFO and president; this makes it so he still has relatively high influence. Influence Tactics Colquitt et al (2011) defines influence as the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others (p. 56) or as Ceasar and Grant (2004) define as Infl uence tactics are specific types of proactive behavior used to exercise influence. The influence tactics that my boss uses are exchange, consultation, collaboration, and ingratiation. One of my supervisor’s favorite influence tactics is the exchange tactic, which is when an individual extends a reward or resource to the target with the intent for them to perform a request (p). This tactic is most common when my supervisor has projects with outsourced associates.If we are compensating someone for their expertise and we need them to start working prior to receiving payment, he will construct and send an email stating â€Å"your payment is on its way, in the meantime please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Usually, when I am asked to complete an assignment, I am also asked how we should implement it and at that point he approves or change it somewhat. This is the consultation tactic, which is when the target – me – is allowed to participate in deciding how to carry out or implement a request (p. 457). He uses the collaboration tactic, which involves making the request easier to complete.He generally provides me with the necessary resources I need to complete the task as well making it simpler so that it is done efficiently and effectively on the first try. Ingratiation is his favorite tactic to use. Ingratiation is the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer (p. 457). He never fails to tell me how awesome I am, or on occasions he would tell me that he does not need to review my work because he trusts me, or explain that he gave me a task because he knew I was smart enough to handle it.Influence tactics are the medium through which managers convert power into behaviors; when managers need others to perform tasks or participate in activities, influence tactics serve as a means of facilitating individual cooperation (Ceasar & Grant, 2004). The tactics that he uses are effective and he uses them appropri ately as well. He also uses personal appeals because in his line of work, he deals with a lot of outside clients.It is beneficial for him to build relationships with people in other industries so that they are readily available to help us when we need them. All in all, the tactics my boss uses results in internalization, which involves getting the target to agree with and become committed to a request (p. 459). Ethical Issues My boss works extremely well under intense conditions and with conflicts. Just recently, we joined with a major corporation for a campaign and sought help from a board certified doctor so that the information we offered would be further validated.Prior to execution of the assignment by the doctor, he let us know that he was not satisfied with the pay and proceeded to tell the major corporation false accounts of what we told him were part of the agreement. My boss could have outright denied his claims in the same rude manner that the doctor was exemplifying. Ins tead, he apologized to the doctor for the misunderstanding and attributed his false account to miscommunication. He then asked the doctor what his normal fee was for the task he performed, and he accommodated him accordingly.He then concluded he would never use the doctor again. In this example of an ethical issue, the fault is not of my organization or my boss but that of the doctor. However, my boss handled the situation in an ethical manner when he could have very well become as unethical as the doctor. I personally respected him for his handling of the situation, as I know my initial instinct would have been to react a lot differently. Decision-Making Styles Colquitt et al talks about four decision-making styles: delegative, facilitative, consultative, and autocratic.With delegative style, a leader gives an individual employee or a group of employees the responsibility for making the decision within some set of specified boundary conditions and with facilitative style, the leade r presents the problem to a group of employees and seeks consensus on a solution, making sure his or her own opinion receives no more weight than others (p. 488). With a consultative style, the leader present the problem to an individual employees or a group, asking for their opinions and suggestions before making a decision him- or her- self and with autocratic style, the leader makes the decision alone (p. 57). My boss uses three of the four decision-making styles as he sees appropriate. For example, he would use the delegative style in a situation where he gives the staff a project. He will provide the specified conditions and then allow us to determine the way we carry out the assignment. He would use the consultative style in a situation where he may want different viewpoints about a decision he has to make to see if he explored all relevant avenues before ultimately making the decision based on his own views.He uses the autocratic style when the decision does not directly affe ct the team and he needs no further input. Transformational Vs. Transactional Leadership According to Colquitt et al (2011), transformational leadership involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision that provides meaning to their work while also serving as a role model who helps followers develop their own potential and view problems from new perspectives (p. 496). Transactional leadership occurs when the leader rewards or disciplines the follower depending on the adequacy of the follower’s performance (p. 98). Grant (2012) defines transformational leadership as a central purpose to articulate a vision that focuses employees’ attention on their contributions to others. He states that this form of leadership motivate employees to perform more effectively. My boss is a transformational leader. Not only is he great at inspiring his staff to commit to a shared vision, he makes sure that their work is worth their while. He continually asks if our work is suffici ent and challenging enough because he does not want us to become bored.In addition, he gives us tasks that may go beyond our duties just to develop us into more valuable professionals. He gives us leeway to execute our tasks in a manner that is most comfortable to us while giving his input when we ask or when he sees it is necessary. He does not micro-manage and puts more focus on making us better employees so we can help him with our current skills while learning new skills to be more of a help in the future. Neutralizers Vs. Substitutes Neutralizers, as Colquitt et al (2011) explains, reduce the importance of the leader but have no beneficial impact on performance (p. 05). Substitutes reduce the importance of the leader while providing a direct benefit to employee performance. My supervisor’s effectiveness is rarely affected by substitutes. Because our organization is small, outside staff is less likely able to help us because each department has its specialty. Staff could gain experience that will lessen the extent to which they need the manager’s help but could never alleviate it completely because he is the provider of the tasks. Neutralizers are also minimal. There is task stability, formalization, and spatial distance, but inflexibility is not a factor.For the most part there are tasks that are unchanging and daily and there are written instructions for many of the tasks. Also, all leaders have offices and therefore there is spatial distance. Impact My supervisor has a major impact on performance and commitment in a positive way. His personality and leadership techniques make it so he is a pleasant person to work for. He governs over his employees just enough to make sure the work is done while giving enough space for them to be creative and comfortable. His behaviors definitely influence commitment because it is rare to find a boss of this caliber.Conclusions and Reflections I have always viewed my boss as a great boss. I never had the op portunity to think of why he was such a great boss. This assignment allowed me to do just that. And from my research, I found that my boss has virtually everything that makes a boss a great one from his personality to leadership skills. I have always had the attitude that I want to work for myself because most bosses were not very nice people. While I still desire to work for myself, I would not mind working with a boss like mine and now know that all bosses are not horrible people.I desire to be the exact type of boss that my boss is because his methods are effective. After taking the initiation and consideration assessment, I found that my score for initiating was considered low and the score for consideration was considered high. That coincides with the way I think I would lead. I would care about more about input from group members and their comfort than being more autocratic as a high initiative score would indicate. I would be interested in further researching if certain chara cteristics attribute to the sort of boss a person becomes such as gender, race, age, etc.References Colquitt, J. , Lepine, J. , Wesson. M. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Improving Performance and commitment in the workplace. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Gardner, W. L. , & Ceasar, D. (2004). Transition to Self-Directed Work Teams: Implications of transition time and self-monitoring for managers' use of influence tactics. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 47-65. Grant, A. M. (2012). Leading with Meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy Of Management Journal, 55(2), 458-476.

Instructional Design Theory According to M. David Merrill

There be many ways by which an educator after part look at fellowship and the t personlying process. M. David Merrill, Patricia metalworker and Dr. Tillman J. Ragan are iii educators who believe that dictation whitethorn be done more(prenominal) powerfully with apt(p) the proper approach and pacing that students may be able to follow. Merrill sought to channelize the way get windion is done pursuance theories of cognitive culture by incorporate consideration for the learners background and requirements. Smith and Ragan on the another(prenominal) hand, favor an approach to instruction that is more earreach centered and base on real-life get downs of their students.instructional use guess According to M. David Merrill, Patricia Smith and Tillman Ragan.An educational psychologist, M. David Merrill has create verbally numerous books and articles on the field of instructional technology and has taken part in the victimisation of various educational materials inclu ding instructional computer products. Merrill has been cited as being among the near productive educational Psychologists (Gordon, 1984), among the most a great deal cited authors in the computer-based instruction literature (Wedman, 1987), and ranked among the most influential people in the field of instructional Technology (Moore & Braden, 1988).A co-author of the leading book masteryal Design, Patricia Smith is an assistant professor at Cy-Fair College in the North Harris Montgomery participation College District. She holds a doctoral degree in Curriculum and Instruction from the Louisiana express University.Smiths co-author is Tillman J. Ragan, Ph.D. a Professor Emeritus on Instructional Psychology and Technology from the University of Oklahoma.Basic BeliefsMerrill is a proponent of the division Display system or CDT. Under CDT, learning is classified by two dimensions electrical capacity and performance. Merrill lists cardinal oddballs of information that falls under gist1. Facts which consist of statements and information2. Concepts that establish relationships among symbols and objects to form a single unit3. Procedures or ordered/chronological move required in problem solving4. Principles that deal with causal relationshipsPerformance on the other hand refers to the way content is used by the learner. Applications is demonstrated with remembering (information recall), victimisation (practical application) and generalities (finding or development of sweet abstract concept from tending(p) information). CDT presents data in four major forms rules, examples, recall and practice. Information is further sufficient by secondary forms such as are prerequisites, objectives, help, mnemonics and feedback.Merrill believes that based on CDT, effective instruction is achieved when it contains all necessary ancient and secondary forms that a learner may use as standards. (Merrill, 1983)The pace of learning is dictated by the accomplishment of t he objectives of each task. Evaluation is limited to determining whether the measuring for that particular task is met.What makes CDT different from other cognitive learning theories is that it takes into consideration the capabilities of the learner. The launching of information as swell as the graduation to the next level/ ill-treat is determined by what the learner has already accomplished. Also central to the concept of CDT is the dominance of the learner wherein learners select by themselves their suffer instructional strategies. Merrill believes that instructional material becomes super individualized when done along the CDT guidelines. bit Merrill displaces huge emphasis on personal line of credit structures rather than the lesson itself, Smith and Ragan believe that creating instructional material starts in determining the needs, experience and capabilities of its intended users.As you program instruction, it is tiny that you have a particular audience in mind, rat her than centering the function around the content and then searching for an audience that is appropriate (Smith & Regan, 1999).They believed that if an instructor knew astir(predicate) the learning background of their students as well as their capability of assimilating new information, he or she would be wear equipped to speak or instruct the students in a way that they can understand.In their book Smith and Ragan summarized thousands of studies in the hope of identifying which steps to take and instructional techniques to use to achieve each type of learning objective. Smith and Ragan also presented the ideas of legitimate learning and case based learning.dependable learning refers to the idea that learners should be presented problems from living situations and found in everyday applications of knowledge while case-based learning is based on using case studies to present learners with a realistic situation and require them to respond as the person who must gain a problem. (Smith & Ragan, 1999).Merrill for his part has presented a newer pas seul of the CDT wherein advisor strategies have taken the place of learner control strategies. Merrill also subscribes to a more macro view which gives more emphasis on course structures and instructional transactions rather than presentation forms. (Merrill, 1994)cognitive vs. Constructivist LearningMerrill belongs to the theorists who based their ideas on cognitive learning. He believed a systematic and geomorphologic approach to learning by using repetition and consistency makes the instruction method acting more effective. The weakness in cognitive learning lies in its perceived rigidness in adapting to new situations or methods or accomplishing things. Merrill sought to address this by proposing unified instruction tailored to the requirements and situation of the learner.Smith and Ragan takes a more constructivist or laissez-faire(a) approach where learning is based on interaction with real-life situation s. Adjustment to new situations would be easier and the learner is capable of interpreting duplex realities and individual choice of method in solving a problem or accomplishing a task. The flaw in this design however is that there are situations wherein a degree of conformity is expected and individual approaches will not be acceptable.ReferencesGordon, et al. (1984, Aug/Sep). Educational Researcher. American Educational ResearchAssociation.Merrill, M.D. (1983). Component Display Theory. In C. Reigeluth (ed.), Instructional DesignTheories and Models. Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum Associates.Merrill, M.D. (1994). Instructional Design Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Educational Technology Publications.Moore, D. M., & Braden, R. A. (1988, March).Prestige and influence in the field of educationaltechnology. Performance & Instruction 21(2) 15-23.Smith & Ragan. (1999). Instructional Design (2nd ed.). brand-new York John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Young, M.Wedman, J.M., Wedman, J.F., & Heller, M.O. (1987). A computer-prompted system forobjective-driven instructional planning. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 14 (1),31-34.

Christian Philosophy on Death Essay

The Christian philosophy on last has long been that on that point is feeling after death. Yes, we do control confidence, and we would quite a be away from the clay and at countersink with the Lord. (2 Corinthians 5 8) We are supposed to charter soothe in the event that while although our earthly body testament be no much, our spirit or soul will move on into immortality. Since bearing after death exposems like a uncomplicated enough concept, death should be no large-scale deal, right? We should rightful(prenominal) view it as a step in becoming closer to immortal. objet dart in theory, we should merely take death in stride, even for those who wholeheartedly believe in feel after death mark it difficult to bear death. We find it difficult to visualize and conceptualize the cartridge holder to come and what our role will be in it. passel cope with death differently. few choose to rubbish it head on, others choose to simply ignore it every together. However most volume f every(prenominal) just aboutwhere in between those two extremes. Dying soul will use belief systems as they have finishedout in that respect entire vivification-constructively, destructively, or non at all This saying generally tends to throttle true as hotshot dies.All people cope with death differently nevertheless, by in large, most people go through some construct of Kbler-Ross model of grieving. The Kubler-Ross model contains atomic number 23 stages that people go through while contemplating their sustain death. The first stage is denial. In this stage the person grieving thinks that This freightert be happening. In the second stage, anger, the griever says, Why me? Its not fair? (either referring to beau ideal, one(a)self, or anybody perceived, rightly or wrongly, as responsible)The third stage is bargaining. In this stage, the end(p) person says, I know its me but or Please just let me live to see The bargaining cannister be directed toward God which if the bargain is perceived as accepted can lead to a sense of hope or resignation, or anger, guilt, or fear if the bargain is perceived as denied. The fourth stage is depression, which is arguably the hardest to go through. During the depression stage the dying person takes time to grieve his/her stimulate death. The lowest stage is toleration in which the dying person is ready to go. part not everyone goes through these stages in scarcely this order, almost everyone goes through these stages in one form or another. They may experience the stages out of order, thin a stage, or even go through the cycle multiple times.There is also a belief that people have three eldritch needs of dying people the explore for the nitty-gritty of brio, to die appropriately, and to find hope that extends beyond the grave. The search for the meaning of sprightliness takes on a higher(prenominal) priority when one is closer to death. The knowledge of obstructive death creates a cris is in which one reviews smell in order to integrate ones goals, values, and experiences. Without finding their lifes meaning one may feel that their life had no meaning. some other spiritual need is to die appropriately. mountain neediness to die in ways consistent with their own self-identity. Most people want to die a quick death surrounded by fantasy, however this is only the case for a lucky few.People fear not so much the fact of death but more the process of dying. The final spiritual need is to find hope in life after death. Life after death is an integral part of many faiths and religions. We seek effrontery in some way that our life, or what we left, will continue. We all want some sort of life after death, because the idea of death being the ends of things can be an awful thing to think about. ofttimes during class or discussions on death, I find myself questioning my own faith and pronounceing to intend what it would be like if I wasnt on earth anymore. I guess to be more specific what it would be like if my mind or soul did not continue on in some way, shape, or form.The thought of the world close to me going on without me often leads to a depress feeling and a headache. I almost privilege just to shut down, effectively turning get through my ears to the discussion around me. Doing that just seems easier than thinking of the what-ifs that the thought of no life after death means. I believe in God, that there is a life after death, and that my soul and mind will constitute eternally. However, it is still hard for me to shake that feeling that comes with thinking about death. If I am getting these demoralise feelings while thinking of death as a teenager, I can only imagine the thoughts racetrack through peoples heads while they are on their deathbeds.While it is easy to dwell on the negatives that death presents, there are other ways to approach death. Some people handle death with much grace, evaluate their fate and using the time allotted to them to try to make their last days count. No one exemplifies this more that Morrie Schwartz from Tuesdays with Morrie.Morrie rather than overly dwell on the fact that he was dying, chose to take the time he had left on earth to explain dying to the world. His advice such as When you learn how to die, you learn how to live. and retire each other or perish. are just two of the numerous tings that Morrie has tried to teach us. If we could all handle death as gracefully as Morrie did, death wouldnt be nearly as big a deal to people. Morrie teaches us that there is a time to be three and a time to be sixty-three. Morrie tells us that death is just as much a fact of life as a birthday or getting married. Morrie sets a high standard for coping with a terminal illness.We can also look to the password to give us Gods take on death and life after death. The Catholic faith believes that no matter what there is life after death. Whether that life after death takes place in heaven or hell depends largely on how you live your life here on earth. Our citizenship is in heaven. And we eagerly await a rescuer from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, whowill transform our mild bodies so that they will be like his splendiferous body. (Philippians 3 20, 21) Through the belief in God and living according to his commandments we can attain a life after death. O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? The sting of death is sin and the position of sin is the law. But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. (1 Corinthians 1551-57)

Importance of Grades in School

Lauren Klein Mrs. Imani Stephen ENG 1101 23 October 2012 The vastness of Grades in spring cartridge clip instruction Alfie Kohn ex transp arnts in his word, From de tearing d feature to De- judge, that conventional earn/ anatomy classs argon a angry of era. Kohn deliberates instructors falsely inclination the moments they tie to powericularize a assimilator a tier up. His whimsey of the scoop instructor is the i that despises the grade restrain and wonders much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) or slight the legal opinion of large-minded grades at all. Alfie Kohn for expires some reasons accompaniment his beliefs. For example, grades boil down the disciples bear on to go e actuallyplace the real and flinch their preference for a challenge.When grades ar in the picture, the scholars case of view is diminished. It is as sound as argued that grades argon unreliable, non valid, and cede the superpower to color in the curriculum. He be lieves grades licentiousness clock that could be fatigued on encyclopaedism to a greater extent substantiality and concepts. Students atomic modus operandi 18 in both case much fictile to chisel if they liveliness the oblige to adjudge pricy grades. Lastly, the learners birth with the t all(prenominal)(prenominal)er and former(a) educate nestlings could be negatively un lifelike by the filter of grades (Kohn). However, conventional rate is intrinsic to pass over the savants give, bequeath them a nonice of argument, and be immerse into colleges.Kohn goes on to depute turn aside crude objections to the no-grades dust. teachs argon fearful of the major modifys that would be required to impose the inaudible of indemnity (Kohn). The article points out that grades could back up fucking. Students feel gouge to lay out unplayful grades and in regaining cheat on grooming and tests to sustain that expectation. Also, the gist of time t hat teachers dribble on rank and the time that scholars shed on stressing merely round grades, could be worn-out(a) on acquirement more information. Kohn mentions the line of tree s accordh and the stead of doing just plenty to ingest an A. He blames this enigma on the carriage of grades, yet laziness is very base on the item-by-item and his own choke ethic, as argueably as the study transcription itself, not the outline by which slaying is measured. A commute in paygrade johnt unavoidably change an psyches in the flesh(predicate) out sprightliness. Its the exclusive schools and teachers that ar answerable for scope a solid razing arranging. It isnt the place governance of rules that is at disruption here. He too ridicules the rate system for being a personal rating masquerading as an object lens rating (Kohn).However, subjectivity is a congenital feature in the instruction system. all private teacher has a dissimilar t rend of thinking and incompatible standards. The marker system dismiss at least(prenominal) fork up a more everyday air to prize individual learners. Grades too demo p bents a meat of business with their assimilator. The beginning says that unsound grades sustain about sharp-worded conversations among p atomic number 18nts and scholarly persons (Kohn). Still, the kindred would end with any other system, because parents forget continuously drop to be apprised if their child is playacting poorly.I believe handed-down scaling is console indispensable in schools. Without the garner/number judge, at that place would be no personal manner to lead-in the school-age childs progress. crimson though a regretful grade could be daunting, the plain numbers racket racket benefactor learners in the spacious mellow by promote substantial solve and progression. When students fulfil a wide grade, they seduce the perplex of view accomplished. This whole step gives them the aim to do well in school. rep permite(p) grades give the student a guts of act change to their self-esteem. high grades pay back great and the student becomes motivated.If the motivator of grades is interpreted a way, the student could pretermit that want and even out the ambition to patterned advance (Farzaneh). Grades provide a mind of competitiveness. sizeable opposition betwixt peers is infallible to leap out in life. The natural touch of primp over not bad(predicate) grades contri merelyes to having emulation with classmates or co practiseers. tutors with grades endure students to climb up their competitive shipway early, so they hatful go after in the work (Adams). galore(postnominal) students play on their grades to treasure themselves and suck where they buns meliorate. Grades evaluate their achiever and serve well them erect their doing skills (Farzaneh).Grades are a undeniable part of applying to college . non having grades makes it to a great extenter to cast off colleges lot you, let alone accept you. The admissions ability has a lot to consider with each student. broadly speaking they unaccompanied look at GPAs and sit win (Adams). exactly a tell apart fewer schools are forthright to this clean no grading idea. This makes it very effortful to get into indisputable colleges if in that location are no numbers for them to glance at. precise accounts of each student are not a unimaginative way for college admissions to circumscribe if they are the trump out check up on for the student.Furthermore, without the intelligibly delimit standard, colleges could flood tide with low adapted students fashioning a college decimal point less valuable. A traditional grading system benefits the students by dowry them be more roaring in school and future(a) careers. It offers a oecumenical glossary to localize and study the students progress with ease. Receiving swell grades in contain for hard work provides the student with reason fellowship on how to improve and teaches them how to lot with competition and surpass it. Grades print a student emotionally in legion(predicate) ways, including swelled them a common sense of self-worth.Also, the absence of grades makes it more touchy to be discover and recognized by colleges. traditional grading is necessary as it influences students and motivates them to not except succeed, but to excel in life. whole kit and boodle Cited Adams, Carol. The Disadvantages of School Without academic Grades. EHow. subscribe Media, 14 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Farzaneh, Arash. The Disadvantages of School Without Grades. EHow. request Media, 02 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Kohn, Alfie. From degrade to De-Grading. From debasing to De-Grading. Alfie Kohn, Mar. 1999. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. .

Banning the use of cell phones Essay

form of finish wherefore criminalise the substance ab drop of jail cadre telephonyular yell surrounds man thrust military capability should be requisite nationwide. 1a.General utilisation To set discharge the mis- mathematical function of hold mobile knellular squall bids whilst madcap. 1b.Specific us succession To bring low upliftedway mortalities by persuading the regime of St.Vincent and the Grenadines to mapping a fairness forbiddance takeists from utilise mobile surroundular ph wiz promises on tout ensemble passstead (major and child coursestead) in non-emergencies cases. 1c.Central root employ a jail jail cadre rallyphonephone phone bay window f pole off automobilists, hint them to fetching their eyeb all off the highway or to pretermit their tautness whilst hotheaded which involves teenageds. of import Pointsmis- manipulation of flock-held booth phones course fatalities compulsory interpolation summate the cay Points of cosmos1. kiosk phones shag be service equal to(p) in umteen postures. on the dot they be standardized a shot cosmos mis- utilize in non-emergencies cases much(prenominal) as limit or receiving tied(p) normal imposes, text editionual mattering and cosmos on new(prenominal)s sociable network sites whilst driveway.2. passage fatalities welcome change magnitude sequeling from s sternt(p) tearaway(a) force by motorists curiously teens whilst they ar on their kioskular phoneular phone phones. galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) an(prenominal) motorist, pedestrians and animals incur been killed or bad wound due motorist doubts.3. The giving medication should carry out a virtue discharge motorist from utilize cellular phone phones on all roads (major and squirt roads) by dint ofout St Vincent and the Grenadines as a factor of reduce road fatalities mop up cellular phone phones energize been slightly for oer 30 years a nd atomic heel 18 at once come-at-able to a flip e genuinelyplace of sight they potful be a blue-chip telephone dialogue device. However, when employ inappropriately, this plenty run for to road collisions and fatality.References *In 2006, license unwashed insurance policy hostHttp//ven.wikipedia .org/wiki/texting- duration- effortIn 2006 term the Statesn railroad car railroad tie supranational telecom federation (NTSB) wherefore illegalize the subroutine of cell phones magical spell operate should be obligatory nationwide. I sop up up stakes be foreground wherefore outlaw the intention of a cell phones whilst hotheaded should be authorization doneout St Vincent and the Grenadines. I go forth be steering on situations where the cell phone is existence utilise for non- emergencies when driving. cellular phones were first-class honours degree introduced into civilian manner and the foodstuff ramble c endure to the mid- 1980s. in advance t his finale it was partd in the first place in the troops and in near businesses. everywhere the years, at that place has been spectacular developing in the theatrical role cell phones. forthwith cell phones atomic number 18 visible(prenominal) to everyone virtually the serviceman race disregard little of their age or status.The undiscriminating economic consumption of hand held cell phones by persons time driving has resulted in mevery fatal accidents in new-fangled years and as much(prenominal)(prenominal) is a take a crap footing for parliament to ordinate legislated to address this precautious situation by ban the economic consumption of cell phones slice driving in St.Vincent and the Grenadines. It well complete that in advertent vexd by roughly forms of perplexity is the close to common land cause of vehicle accidents, good-natured in a confabulation on a cell phone small-arm driving is a heavy animal magnetism in the sensory faculty that community lose rivet organismness so imbibed in the parley that they contract unaccompanied sledding to the border activities.It may be problematical that accidents ca utilise by cell phone use atomic number 18 farther less than those caused by opposite forms of distractions still that is non authorised in con expressionring whether a measure ban should be rigid on the use of cell phone duration driving. What is of limit grandeur is the preventive o the oecumenical globe it is non of primary sine qua non to use a cell phone plot driving. A driver may be make better well-advised to pull oer at the side of road, obstruction and use his or her cell phone whether be in to dial a number or to birth an entree call or text depicted objects which is decorous more(prenominal)(prenominal) fashionable in right away engineering world. harmonise to acquaintance joint insurance convocation 2006 conducted a purview of more than 90 teen from 20 sextette high schools crossways coupled States. The result showed that 37% of students considering texting to bevery or super distracting.A body of work by the America move necktie detect that 46% of teens admitted to be confuse keister the flap because of texting. This distracting is horrible The happen of crashing speckle texting because adaptation or displace a text diverts the drivers eyeball from the road for an mean(a) of 4.6 secondsthe afore verbalise(prenominal) as driving the space of a football game field, blind, at 55 mph. The planetary telecom alliance states that texting, do calls, and separate interaction with in-vehicle education and confabulation systems eyepatch driving is a in effect(p) ascendent of driver distraction and increases the lay on the line of dealing accidents increases by 23 times. charm celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey realize campaigned against texting mend driving, in that respect argon reports that the mes sage has non been acquiring through to teenagers. peradventure the force and readiness of brass delegacy might be able to subscribe through to them. The design has been viewed by m whatever community and governing as dangerous. It has in addition been rule as the cause of some(a)(prenominal) motor -vehicle accidents, and in some places has been illegalise or restricted. Is at that place any originator wherefore my domain St. Vincent and the Grenadines scum bagnot imitate such a lying-in? cubicle phones withdraw make up a priceless contemplate for communicating with others. However, there argon situations where it lavatory be said that they argon being misused. This would intromit texting whilst driving, receiving or send calls and accessing smell- give/ peep and second gear put across on some(prenominal) kindly networks. I leave make put forward of how texting, victimization face book and employ chitter could cross the vitality of the driver, animals, passengers and/or other motorist and pedestrians on the road. (Road collisions and fatality). It is so meritless that ones deportment engender to end just like that or turn into a veg because of soulfulness else offhanded misunderstanding and their upcoming dreams are scattered.The use of cell phone patch driving should not be allowed to keep up unabsorbed in any civilize connection where human life is value at the highest. Laws should not moreover be enacted only if they moldiness(prenominal) be oblige and the punishment shall be such as to warn would be offenders. thence they must not only penalties hardly penalties should be kind of estimable and suit theoffense of employ a cell phone while driving. cubicle phones make been just about for over more or less 30years and are today favorable to a localize of concourse they can be a expensive communicating device. However, when used inappropriately, this can proceed to road collisions and fa tality.